Ukuhlalisana ngokuthula umqondo ohlose ukuthuthukisa ukuphilisana ngokuzwana phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene, amasiko, izinkolo, noma amazwe, okuhloswe ngawo ukugwema ukungqubuzana nokukhuthaza ukuthula. Kulo mongo, kubalulekile ukuqonda izimbangela eziholela ekuhlalisaneni ngokuthula, izici zayo ezichazayo, nemiphumela emihle engavela kulo mkhuba. Ukuphishekela izwe elinokuthula nelibekezelelayo kubalulekile ekwakheni umphakathi onobulungiswa futhi olinganiselayo.
Iyini inhloso yokuphilisana ngokuzwana phakathi kwamaqembu ezenhlalo namasiko ahlukene?
Ukuhlalisana ngokuzwana phakathi kwamaqembu ezenhlalo namasiko ahlukene kunenjongo enkulu yokukhuthaza ukuthula, ukubekezelelana, nokuhloniphana. Lapho abantu bezizinda nezinkolelo ezihlukahlukene bengahlalisana ngokuthula, kuba nengxenye ekwakheni umphakathi ohlanganisayo, onobulungisa, nosekelayo.
Ukuhlalisana ngokuthula Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwamaqembu ezenhlalo namasiko ahlukene kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komphakathi onobunye nowentando yeningi. Ukuhlukahluka kuyisici esicebisayo esisivumela ukuthi sifunde kokuhlangenwe nakho kwabanye abantu kanye nemibono yomhlaba. Ukuhlalisana okuvumelanayo Ngakho-ke, kuyindlela yokukhuthaza ukuhwebelana ngolwazi, ukunothisa amasiko kanye nokuqinisa ubudlelwano bomphakathi.
Futhi, ukuhlalisana ngokuthula kubalulekile ukuvimbela izingxabano kanye nokukhuthaza ukuxazululwa kwezingxabano ngokuthula. Lapho amaqembu ezenhlalo namasiko ehlukene ekwazi ukuxhumana ngenhlonipho nangozwela, ukungezwani nokungezwani kuyancipha, okudala indawo yokuzwana nokubambisana.
Ekugcineni, ukuhlalisana okuvumelanayo Ukusebenzelana phakathi kwamaqembu ahlukene ezenhlalo namasiko nakho kunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni komnotho nenhlalakahle yomphakathi. Ukwehlukahlukana kwemibono namakhono kungaholela ekwakhiweni kokusungula okukhulu nokuqanjwa okusha, okuqhubekisela phambili inqubekelaphambili kanye nokuchuma kwawo wonke amalungu omphakathi.
Kafushane, ukuhlalisana ngokuthula Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamaqembu ezenhlalo namasiko ahlukene kubalulekile ekukhuthazeni ukuthula, ukubekezelelana, nokuhloniphana. Ngokwazisa ukuhlukahluka nokufunda ukuphila ngokuzwana, sakha umhlaba obandakanya wonke umuntu, onobulungisa, futhi osekela wonke umuntu.
Qonda incazelo nomthelela wenqubomgomo yokuphilisana ngokuthula.
Ukuhlalisana ngokuthula: izimbangela, izici kanye nemiphumela.
Inqubomgomo yokuhlalisana ngokuthula kwakuyisu elamukelwa ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi, ikakhulukazi iSoviet Union kanye namazwe enhlangano yezenhlalakahle, ngenhloso yokugwema ukubhekana ngqo ne-United States namadlelandawonye ayo. Le nqubomgomo yayisekelwe embonweni wokuthi amandla angahlalisana ngokuthula, ngisho noma enezimiso ezihlukene zezombangazwe nemibono.
Okukodwa okuyinhloko imithelela Isihluthulelo sokuhlalisana ngokuthula kwaba ukuncishiswa kokungezwani phakathi kwemibuso emikhulu, okwaba nengxenye ekwehliseni ingozi yengxabano yenuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le nqubomgomo ivumele ukuvulwa kwemigudu yezingxoxo nokuxoxisana, okwenza kube lula ukuxazululwa kwezinkinga zamazwe ngamazwe.
As izimbangela ukuhlalisana ngokuthula kuhlobene nokwesaba impi yenuzi engase ibangele ukucekelwa phansi okukhulu. Yomibili le mibuso emikhulu yaqaphela ukuthi kwakunenzuzo kakhulu ukufuna izindlela zokuhlalisana ngokuthula kunokuzifaka engozini yokubhekana ngokuqondile.
Okuyinhloko izici Izimiso zenqubomgomo yokuhlalisana ngokuthula zazihlanganisa ukuphishekela ukuzinza kwamazwe ngamazwe, ukuhlonipha ubukhosi bombuso, nokuzibophezela ekuxazululeni izingxabano ngokuthula. Le ndlela yayisekelwe ekukhulumisaneni nasekuxoxisaneni, esikhundleni sokubhekana nezempi.
Em isiphetho, ukuphilisana ngokuthula kwadlala indima ebalulekile ekwehliseni ukungezwani phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi kanye nokuthuthukisa isimo samazwe ngamazwe esizinzile nesivikelekile. Naphezu kokugxeka nokulinganiselwa kwayo, le nqubomgomo yabonisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukufuna ukuthula nokubambisana phakathi kwezizwe, ngisho naphakathi kokungaboni ngaso linye ngokwemibono nezombusazwe.
Incazelo yegama elithi ukuphilisana ngokuthula: ukuhlalisana okuvumelanayo phakathi kwezizwe ezihlukene, ngaphandle kwezingxabano.
Ukuhlalisana ngokuthula umqondo osho ukuphilisana ngokuzwana phakathi kwezizwe ezahlukene, ngaphandle kokungqubuzana. Kulo mongo, amazwe afuna ukuxazulula ukungezwani kwawo ngokuthula, ekhuthaza ukuxoxisana nokubambisana. Ukuhlalisana ngokuthula kusekelwe ekuhloniphaneni, emalungelweni alinganayo, nasekufuneni izixazululo ezizuzisa bonke abahilelekile.
Izimbangela zokuhlalisana ngokuthula zingahlotshaniswa nezici ezinjengokuphishekela ukuthula, ukukhuthazwa kobulungisa, nokuvikela amalungelo abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubambisana kwezomnotho nezombusazwe phakathi kwamazwe nakho kungaba nomthelela ekwakheni ubudlelwano obunokuthula nobuhlala njalo. Inkhulumomphendvulwano e ukuxoxisana zibalulekile ekugcineni ukuhlalisana ngokuthula.
Izici zokuhlalisana ngokuthula zihlanganisa ukuhlonipha ubukhosi bezwe ngalinye, ukungangeneleli ezindabeni zangaphakathi zezinye izizwe, nokufuna izixazululo ezinokuthula zezingxabano. izingxoxo kanye ezokuxhumana zingamathuluzi abalulekile kule nqubo, njengoba zivumela izingxabano ukuba zixazululwe ngokuthula nangokwakhayo.
Imiphumela yokuhlalisana ngokuthula ngokuvamile mihle, njengoba ikhuthaza intuthuko yezomnotho nezenhlalakahle, ukuzinza kwezombusazwe, nokuvikeleka kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuthula nokuzwana phakathi kwezizwe kunengxenye ekwakheni izwe elinobulungisa nelinokulinganisela, lapho ukubambisana nokuhloniphana kuyaziswa.
Isigaba sokuphilisana ngokuthula eMpini Yomshoshaphansi: inkathi yomlando emangalisayo.
Ukuhlalisana ngokuthula kwakuyisu elamukelwa i-United States neSoviet Union phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi, inkathi engokomlando echazayo ebonakala ngokubangisana phakathi kwemibuso yezwe emibili. Ukuhlalisana ngokuthula kwaqala ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950 futhi kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-1970, isikhathi sokuzinza okulinganiselwe ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe.
As izimbangela Izizathu eziyinhloko zokuphilisana ngokuthula kwakuyisidingo sokugwema ukungqubuzana kwenuzi okuqondile phakathi kwe-United States neSoviet Union, okwakungase kubangele inhlekelele yomhlaba wonke. Yomibili le mibuso emikhulu yaqaphela ukuthi impi engapheli ingase iholele ekubhujisweni okuqinisekileyo ngakho yakhetha ukufuna izindlela zokuhlalisana ngokuthula.
As izici Izimiso zokuhlalisana ngokuthula zazihlanganisa ukuphishekela izindlela zokuxoxisana nokuxoxisana, ukukhawulela ukukhuphuka kwezikhali, kanye nokukhuthaza izivumelwano zokuhoxiswa kwezikhali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibuso emikhulu yayifuna ukugwema ukungenela okuqondile ezingxabanweni zesifunda nokuhlonipha ubukhosi bamazwe angamalungu.
As imiphumela Izinzuzo zokuhlalisana ngokuthula zazibalulekile, njengoba zaba nesandla ekwehliseni ukungezwani phakathi kwe-United States neSoviet Union, okwenza ukuba kusayinwe izivumelwano zokulawula izikhali nokuvulwa kwemigudu yokuxhumana ngokuqondile phakathi kwabaholi bamazwe amabili. Nokho, ukuhlalisana ngokuthula nakho kwaba nemingcele yakho, njengoba akuzange kuziqede ngokuphelele izingxabano nezingxabano phakathi kwezinhlangano zaseNtshonalanga nezamaKhomanisi.
Ngamafuphi, inkathi yeMpi Yomshoshaphansi yokuphilisana ngokuthula kwakuyinkathi yomlando ephawulekayo eyabonisa amandla amakhulu okufuna izindlela zokuphilisana ngokuthula, ngisho naphakathi kokuhlukana ngokwemibono kanye nezwe. Lesi sikhathi sokuzinza okulinganiselwe ebudlelwaneni bamazwe ngamazwe sishiye ifa elibalulekile emhlabeni wangaleso sikhathi, sigqamisa ukubaluleka kwezingxoxo nokubambisana ekugcineni ukuthula nokuvikeleka komhlaba wonke.
Ukuhlalisana ngokuthula: izimbangela, izici kanye nemiphumela
A ukuhlalisana ngokuthula kwakuwumqondo owawusetshenziswa kwezombusazwe zamazwe ngamazwe phakathi nengxenye yesibili yekhulu lama-20. Owokuqala ukusebenzisa leli gama kwakungumholi waseSoviet uNikita Khrushchev, owaliqamba ukuze achaze ukuthi ubudlelwano kufanele bube kanjani phakathi kwemibuso emibili emikhulu yangaleso sikhathi: i-United States neSoviet Union.
Ngokushesha ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II, ama-Allies anqobayo ahlukana aba amaqembu amabili amakhulu emibono: ingxiwankulu yaseNtshonalanga, eholwa yi-United States; kanye namakhomanisi, eholwa yiSoviet Union. Iminyaka ethile, kwakubonakala kungenakugwenywa ukuthi kuqubuke ukungqubuzana phakathi kwalezi zinhlangano ezimbili.
Ukufa kukaStalin ngo-1953 kwaphawula inkathi yoshintsho kulesi simo. Esikhundleni sakhe kwaba uNikita Khrushchev, owakhuthaza ngokushesha inqubomgomo entsha yezangaphandle: ukuhlalisana ngokuthula. Lokhu kwakusekelwe ekukholelweni ukuthi, ukuze kugwenywe impi, kwakudingeka uyeke ukusebenzisa izikhali ukuze umuntu aziphoqelele.
Ukuhlalisana ngokuthula, naphezu kwezingxabano ezinkulu eziningana ezacishe zaholela empini yenuzi, kwalondoloza ukuthula phakathi kwalezi zinhlangano ezimbili. Ngokwezazi-mlando, lesi sikhathi kungenzeka saphela ekuqaleni kwawo-80.
Izimbangela
UJoseph Stalin ushone ngo-March 5, 1953 futhi esikhundleni sakhe kwathathwa u-Nikita Khrushchev ngemva kwenqubo yokulandelana lapho kwakudingeka asuse abalandeli bokuqhubeka nomugqa onzima (ngaphandle nasekhaya).
Ngokushesha, umholi omusha wamaSoviet wanquma ukushintsha inqubo yezwe lakubo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, waqala inqubo ye-de-Stalinization futhi wabona intuthuko ephawulekayo emnothweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ubuye wethula isiphakamiso sokunciphisa ukungezwani ne-Western bloc.
I-Korean War armistice kanye nesivumelwano sokuthula se-Indochina kube negalelo kulokhu kukhululeka okungaba khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, e-United States, abagqugquzeli bezimfundiso ezinonya kakhulu, ababehlongoza “ukuphindisela ngobuningi” kunoma yikuphi ukunyakaza kwamaSoviet, babelahlekelwa ithonya.
Isidingo sesikhathi eside sokuthula
Ngemva kokubusa, uKhrushchev wanquma ukwenza ingqalasizinda yeSoviet Union ibe yesimanje. Wayehlela ukwakha amadamu amakhulu eVolga noma amapayipi okuletha amanzi emapulazini ase-Asia Ephakathi, isibonelo.
Wonke la maphrojekthi ayedinga ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezimali nokusebenza kanzima. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ngangidinga isimo samazwe ngamazwe ukuthi sehlise umoya, futhi akukho ukungqubuzana kwezikhali (noma ukusongela kwakho) okwakungalawula izinsiza ezazizosetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda.
Isikhali senuzi
Ukwehliswa kwamabhomu e-athomu eJapane yi-United States kwadala umuzwa wokungavikeleki phakathi kwamaSoviet. Ingxenye yemizamo yabo igxile ekufaniseni amandla okubhubhisa ezimbangi zabo.
Ngo-1949, iSoviet Union yenza amabhomu ayo e-A futhi, ngo-1953, ibhomu le-H. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yakha imikhumbi-ngwenya namabhomu amakhulu ukuze ikwazi ukwethula endaweni yesitha.
Lokhu kwazola iziphathimandla zaseSoviet, njengoba zazicabanga ukuthi amandla ezempi ayelinganiselwe.
I-Mutual Insured Destruction
Esinye isizathu sesiphakamiso seSoviet sokuhlalisana ngokuthula sasihlobene nephuzu langaphambilini. Ukwakhiwa kwezikhali zokucekela phansi kweSoviet Union kwenza izinhlangothi zombili zaqaphela umphumela owawungabikezelwa wokubhekana ngezikhali phakathi kwazo.
Bobabili abaqhudelana nabo babenezikhali ezanele ukucekela phansi izitha zabo izikhathi eziningi, okwenza izindawo zabo zingahlaleki amakhulu eminyaka. Lokhu kwakubizwa ngokuthi imfundiso yokubhujiswa okuqinisekisiwe.
I-Defrost
Ngemva kokufa kukaStalin, ezinye izimpawu ze-détente zavela phakathi kwamaqembu amabili avela eMpini Yezwe II. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukusayinwa kwe-Panmunjong Armistice, eyaqeda iMpi YaseKorea ngo-1953, kanye ne-Geneva Accords, ehlobene nengxabano yase-Indochina.
Izici
Umqondo wokuhlalisana ngokuthula wasungulwa phakathi kweSoviet Union. Abaholi bayo baphethe ngokuthi, okwesikhashana, kwakungenakugwemeka ukuthi amazwe obukhomanisi nawonxiwankulu azohlala ndawonye. Ngakho-ke, ukuphela kwendlela yokugwema impi yezwe kwakuwukulahla izikhali njengendlela yokuxazulula izingxabano.
Le nkolelo-mbono yaqhubeka isebenza cishe iminyaka engu-30. Emgogodleni wawo, kwakuwumbono onethemba ngekusasa le-Soviet bloc: uKhrushchev wayekholelwa ukuthi le nkathi yokuthula yayizobavumela ukuba banqobe iNtshonalanga ngokwezomnotho.
I-Distension
Isici esiyinhloko salesi sigaba seMpi Yomshoshaphansi kwakuyi-détente phakathi kwamazwe amabili omhlaba. Kwakukhona uhlobo oluthile lokuzibophezela okungenalutho lokungaguquli ibhalansi eyavela eMpini Yezwe II.
Ukuhlalisana ngokuthula kwakusekelwe ekuhloniphaneni (nokwesaba) phakathi kwe-United States neSoviet Union. Ingqungquthela yase-Geneva yango-1955 yaqinisekisa isimo esikhona futhi yaqinisekisa imikhakha yethonya lamazwe amabili.
Ukuhlonipha izindawo ezinethonya
Le mikhakha yethonya, ngaphandle kwalokho, yayihlonishwa imibuso emikhulu, hhayi nje kwezempi kuphela, kodwa nasemkhakheni wenkulumo-ze yezombangazwe.
Ibhalansi yokwesaba
Ubuchwepheshe bezempi bawo womabili la mabhulokhi bufinyelele ezingeni eliqinisekisa ukucekelwa phansi kwezinhlangothi zombili uma kunempi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani onqobile. Iminyaka eminingi, ukuhlalisana ngokuthula kwakuhambisana nokwesaba impi yenuzi.
Ukuze kugwenywe izinkinga ezimbi kakhulu, i-US kanye ne-USSR basungula iziteshi zokuxoxisana eziqondile okokuqala ngqa. "Ifoni ebomvu" edumile, isingathekiso sokuxhumana okuqondile phakathi kwabaholi bamazwe amabili, yaba uphawu lwenkhulumomphendvulwano.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwaba nezingxoxo ezafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngezivumelwano zokukhawulela izikhali zenuzi.
Inkinga
Naphezu kwakho konke, ukuhlalisana ngokuthula akusho ukuthi ukungqubuzana phakathi kwala maqembu amabili kunyamalele. Nakuba izindawo ezingomakhelwane ezinethonya zazihlonishwa, enye yezimpawu zangaleso sikhathi kwakuyizinkinga ezivame ukuvela ezindaweni eziseduze.
Imibuso emibili emikhulu yangqubuzana ngokungaqondile, ngamunye esekela uhlangothi oluhlukile ezimpini ezihlukahlukene ezagqashuka emhlabeni wonke.
Enye yezinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu kwaba ngo-1961, lapho uhulumeni waseMpumalanga Jalimane wakha uDonga lwaseBerlin olwahlukanisa izingxenye ezimbili zedolobha.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkinga edume kabi yemicibisholo yaseCuba yayisizovusa impi yenuzi. I-United States yathola inhloso yeSoviet Union yokufaka imicibisholo yenuzi eCuba futhi yanquma ukuvinjelwa okuqinile kwezempi. Ukushuba kwesimo kwashuba, kodwa ekugcineni, imicibisholo ayizange isetshenziswe.
Impi yaseVietnam kwaba enye inkinga phakathi kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Kulokhu, abaseMelika baphoqeleka ukuba bahoxe ngo-1973.
Imiphumela
Ngokwezazi-mlando, kunzima ukuhlukanisa imiphumela eqondile yokuhlalisana ngokuthula naleyo eyabangelwa iMpi Yomshoshaphansi.
Ukuphela kwe-US nuclear monopoly
I-United States yalahlekelwa isikhundla sayo njengezwe kuphela elinezikhali zenuzi. Akukhona nje ukuthi iSoviet Union yakha eyayo kuphela, kodwa namanye amazwe anjengeGreat Britain, France, neNdiya nawo enza.
Lokhu kwaholela ekusungulweni kwezingxoxo zokunciphisa izikhali zenuzi ngisho nokuhlakaza ingxenye yayo.
Impendulo ngaphakathi kwebhulokhi ngayinye
I-detente idale ukungezwani phakathi kwama-blocs amabili. Ngaphandle kokudinga ukuqaphela ngokugcwele ukubhekana nesitha, ukungezwani kwangaphakathi kwavela ezindaweni eziningana.
ENtshonalanga, iFrance yagqama, yasungula inqubomgomo yokuzimela ngokumelene ne-United States. Impi yaseVietnam eshiwo ngenhla nayo yaholela ekuphenduleni okubalulekile kwasekhaya, ngisho nase-United States.
Emazweni angaphansi kwethonya lamaSoviet, kwakukhona ukuvukela okuphawulekayo okuningana. Phakathi kwazo kwakukhona iPrague Spring, eyayifuna ukusungula "i-socialism enobuso bomuntu":
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iYugoslavia kaTito, eyayivele ibhekane no-Stalin, yathuthukisa Iqembu Lamazwe Angachemile, ngenhloso yokwakha ibloc yesithathu, engaphansi noma ezimele.
Ukwakhiwa kwezinhlangano zezempi ezintsha
Ngo-1954, iFederal Republic of Germany yajoyina i-NATO. Ukusabela kweSoviet kwaba ukusungulwa kwe-Warsaw Pact, inhlangano yezempi ehlanganisa amazwe angomakhelwane.
Emuva kokushuba
Ochwepheshe abaningi bathi ukuphela kokuhlalisana ngokuthula ngawo-80, lapho uRonald Reagan eba umongameli wase-United States. Nokho, abanye baveza ukuthi yaqala ukuba buthaka eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambili, uJimmy Carter njengomongameli.
Ngaleso sikhathi, kwaqubuka izingxabano ezintsha kuwo wonke amazwekazi. ISoviet Union yahlasela i-Afghanistan, futhi i-United States yasabela ngokusekela ukumelana nokufaka unswinyo kumaSoviet, kuhlanganise nokuduba iMidlalo Yama-Olympic YaseMoscow.
Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-Star Wars, eyaqondiswa uReagan ngo-1983, yabangela ukungezwani kwenyuka ngokushesha, okuqinisekisa ukuphela kokuPhila Ngokuthula.
Izinkomba
- Ocaña, Juan Carlos. Ukuhlalisana kwePacific 1955-1962. Ithathwe ku-historisiglo20.org
- Umnyango Wezemfundo, Amanyuvesi kanye Nocwaningo lukahulumeni waseBasque. Ekuhlalisaneni ngokuthula. Kubuyiswe kusuka ku-hiru.eus
- I-Icarito Cold War: Ukuphilisana Ngokuthula. Kubuyiswe ku-icarito.cl
- Khrushchev, Nikita S. Ekuphileni Ngokuthula. Kutholwe ku-Foreignaffairs.com
- Van Sleet, Michelle. Ukuhlalisana Ngokuthula kukaKhrushchev: Umbono WeSoviet. Kubuyiswe ku-blogs.bu.edu
- I-CVCE Ukusuka ekuhlalisaneni ngokuthula kuya ezindaweni eziphakeme zeMpi Yomshoshaphansi (1953-1962). Kubuyiswe ku-cvce.eu
- Umtapo wezincwadi weCongress ISoviet Union kanye ne-United States. Kubuyiswe ku-loc.gov
- Umlando Wedijithali: Ukufa kukaStalin kanye neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Kubuyiswe ku-digitalhistory.uh.edu