Izinto zokukhiqiza ziyizici ezibalulekile zokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla namasevisi emnothweni. Ahlukaniswa abe yizigaba ezine eziyinhloko: umhlaba, abasebenzi, imali, kanye nezamabhizinisi. Ngayinye yalezi zici idlala indima ebalulekile ohlelweni lokukhiqiza nokuthuthukiswa komnotho wezwe. Kulo mongo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuziphatha nokusebenzisana kwalezi zici ukuze kuthuthukiswe umkhiqizo futhi kuzuzwe ukukhula komnotho okusimeme. Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ukuhlukaniswa nokuziphatha kwezici zokukhiqiza, sigqamisa ukubaluleka kwazo esimweni somnotho samanje.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto zokukhiqiza: funda ngemibandela esetshenziswa emnothweni wesimanje.
Izinto zokukhiqiza yizinsiza ezidingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe izimpahla nezinsiza emnothweni. Ahlukaniswa ngokwemibandela eyahlukene, kuye ngomongo nendlela eyamukelwe. Emnothweni wanamuhla, izindlela eziyinhloko ezisetshenziswayo ukuhlukanisa izici zokukhiqiza yilezi: imvelo, inkokhelo, nokuhamba.
Ngokuphathelene nemvelo , izici zokukhiqiza zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu eziyinhloko: umhlaba, abasebenzi, kanye nemali. Umhlaba uhlanganisa izinsiza zemvelo ezitholakalayo njengenhlabathi, amanzi, kanye namaminerali. Umsebenzi ubhekisela kubasebenzi abadingekayo ekukhiqizeni, kanti imali ihlanganisa izimpahla ezihlala isikhathi eside ezisetshenziswa enqubweni yokukhiqiza, njengemishini, imishini, kanye nezakhiwo.
Ngokuphathelene nomholo , izici zokukhiqiza zihlukaniswa njengezikhokhelwayo noma ezingakhokhelwayo. Izici ezikhokhelwayo yilezo okukhokhwa ngazo intengo emakethe, njengeholo lomsebenzi kanye nenzalo yemali. Izinto ezingakhokhelwayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yilezo ezingatholi isinxephezelo esiqondile, njengomhlaba, ongenawo intengo echazwe emakethe yokusetshenziswa kwawo.
Ngokuphathelene nokuhamba , izici zokukhiqiza zihlukaniswa njengezihambayo noma ezingashukumi. Izici ezihambayo yilezo ezingasuswa kalula zisuka komunye umkhakha noma esifundeni ziye kwesinye, njengezisebenzi kanye nemali mboleko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izici ezingashukumi yilezo ezingenakushukumi kalula, njengomhlaba kanye nezinsiza zemvelo ezithile esifundeni esithile.
Ngakho-ke, ukuhlukanisa izici zokukhiqiza kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukuthi izinsiza zisetshenziswa kanjani emnothweni wesimanje. Ngokucabangela uhlobo, inkokhelo, nokuhamba kwezinto, osomnotho bangahlaziya ukuziphatha kokukhiqiza futhi bakhombe amathuba okuthuthukisa ukwabiwa kwezinsiza.
Zitholele izici ezi-5 ezibalulekile zokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla namasevisi.
Izinto zokukhiqiza ziyizici ezibalulekile zokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla namasevisi emnothweni. Kunezinto ezinhlanu ezibalulekile ezidingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe ngendlela efanele: umhlaba, abasebenzi, imali, ubuchwepheshe kanye nosomabhizinisi.
Umhlaba ungenye yezinto ezibalulekile ekukhiqizeni futhi ubhekisela emithonjeni yemvelo etholakalayo, njengenhlabathi, amanzi, namaminerali. Umsebenzi wona uwumsebenzi odingekayo ekukhiqizeni, okuhlanganisa kokubili abasebenzi bezandla nabahlakaniphile. I-capital iqoqo lezimpahla ezihlala isikhathi eside, njengemishini nemishini, esetshenziswa enqubweni yokukhiqiza.
Ubuchwepheshe budlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni, njengoba buvumela ukusetshenziswa kahle kwezinsiza ezikhona. Okokugcina, amabhizinisi anesibopho sokuhlanganisa kanye nokuxhumanisa ezinye izici zokukhiqiza, ngaphezu kokuthatha ubungozi obukhona ohlelweni lokukhiqiza.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi zonke lezi zinto ziyancintisana futhi ziyahambisana, njengoba zidingeka ukuze umkhiqizo wenzeke kahle. Umhlaba , abasebenzi, imali, ubuchwepheshe kanye nosomabhizinisi kusebenzisana ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo ezihlangabezana nezidingo zomphakathi.
Ngakho-ke, ukwazi nokuqonda izici ezinhlanu ezibalulekile zokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla namasevisi kubalulekile kunoma ubani ofisa ukuqonda ukuthi umnotho usebenza kanjani futhi abambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni kwawo.
Izici eziyinhloko zezinto zokukhiqiza: funda mayelana nezinto ezibalulekile zokukhiqiza.
Izinto zokukhiqiza ziyizici ezibalulekile zokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo emnothweni. Zihlukaniswe izigaba ezine ezibalulekile: umhlaba, abasebenzi, imali, kanye nezamabhizinisi. Ngayinye yalezi zici idlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokukhiqiza futhi inezici ezithile ezizihlukanisayo kwezinye.
Umhlaba ubhekisela ezintweni zemvelo ezitholakalayo, njengenhlabathi, amanzi, amaminerali kanye nemithombo yamandla. Kuyisici esinqunyiwe nesikhawulelwe sokukhiqiza, okusho ukuthi ukutholakala kwayo kunomkhawulo. Umsebenzi wona wona ubhekisela emsebenzini odingekayo ekukhiqizeni, okuhlanganisa ulwazi, amakhono, nemizamo yabasebenzi. Kuyisici esiguquguqukayo sokukhiqiza, njengoba singakhuphuka noma sincishiswe ngokuya ngesidingo.
Imali enkulu ingesinye isici esibalulekile sokukhiqiza futhi ihlanganisa izimpahla ezihlala isikhathi eside ezisetshenziswa enqubweni yokukhiqiza, njengemishini, okokusebenza, kanye nezakhiwo. Kuyisici sokukhiqiza esinqwabelene ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi singaba ngokomzimba noma ngokwezimali. Usomabhizinisi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubhekiselwa emandleni okuhlela nokuhlanganisa ezinye izici zokukhiqiza ngempumelelo, ukuthatha izingozi nokufuna amathuba okwenza inzuzo.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi izici zokukhiqiza ziyahambisana futhi zincike komunye. Inhlanganisela efanele yomhlaba, abasebenzi, imali, kanye nezamabhizinisi kubalulekile ukuze kuphumelele noma yimuphi umsebenzi okhiqizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela lezi zici ezisetshenziswa ngayo inomthelela ngqo ekusebenzeni kahle nasekukhiqizeni.
Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda izici eziyinhloko zezinto zokukhiqiza kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ukuthi umnotho usebenza kanjani nokuthi izinsiza zabiwa kanjani ekukhiqizeni izimpahla namasevisi. Ukuqonda lezi zingxenye kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni nasekukhuleni komnotho wezwe, njengoba kuvumela ukuthuthukiswa kwezinsiza ezikhona kanye nokwandisa umkhiqizo.
Izici eziyinhloko zezomnotho: yiziphi ezi-4 ezibaluleke kakhulu?
Uma kukhulunywa ngokuhlaziya izici eziyinhloko zomnotho ezithonya ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokuziphatha kwezici zokukhiqiza. Ezine ezibaluleke kakhulu yilezi: umhlaba, abasebenzi, imali kanye nobuchwepheshe.
Umhlaba uwumthombo wemvelo obalulekile ekukhiqizeni, ohlinzeka ngezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nendawo yokusebenza kwezomnotho. I-Labour isho umsebenzi odingekayo ukuze kuguqulwe lezi zinto zokusetshenziswa zibe yimikhiqizo eqediwe. Imali enkulu ihlanganisa izimpahla ezihlala isikhathi eside ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni, njengemishini nemishini. Futhi ubuchwepheshe buhlanganisa ulwazi lwezobuchwepheshe kanye nesayensi oluqhuba ukuqamba okusha nenqubekelaphambili.
Lezi zici ezine zomnotho ziyasebenzisana ngendlela eyinkimbinkimbi ngaphakathi kwenqubo yokukhiqiza. Inhlanganisela ephumelelayo nephumelelayo yalezi zici iyisisekelo sempumelelo yenkampani noma umnotho. Isibonelo, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kungandisa umkhiqizo wabasebenzi kanye nemali, okuholela ekusebenzeni kahle okukhulu kanye nokuncintisana emakethe.
Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda ukuhlukaniswa nokuziphatha kwezinto zokukhiqiza kubalulekile kunoma ubani obambe iqhaza ebhizinisini nakwezomnotho. Ngokusebenzisa ngokugcwele umhlaba, abasebenzi, imali, kanye nobuchwepheshe, izinkampani zingafinyelela ukukhula okukhulu kanye nenzuzo, okunomthelela ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme kanye nokuchuma komnotho.
Izinto Zokukhiqiza: Ukuhlelwa Nokuziphatha
Kwezomnotho, izici zokukhiqiza zichaza okufakwayo noma izinsiza ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwezimpahla noma izinsizakalo ukuze kutholakale inzuzo yezomnotho. Izici zokukhiqiza zifaka phakathi umhlaba, abasebenzi, imali, futhi muva nje, ibhizinisi.
Lezi zici zokukhiqiza zaziwa nangokuthi ukuphathwa, imishini, izinto zokwakha, kanye nomsebenzi, futhi muva nje, ulwazi kuxoxwe ngalo njengento entsha engaba khona yokukhiqiza. Amanani asetshenziswa ezici ezihlukahlukene zokukhiqiza anquma okukhiphayo, ngokuya ngobudlelwane obubizwa ngokuthi umsebenzi wokukhiqiza.
Izinto zokukhiqiza ziyizinto ezidingekayo ukuze kuhlinzekwe futhi kukhiqizwe zonke izimpahla nezinsiza emnothweni. Lokhu kukalwa ngesamba somkhiqizo wasekhaya. Ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa njengezinsizakalo noma izimpahla zomkhiqizi, ukuze zihluke kumasevisi noma izimpahla ezithengwa abathengi, okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi izimpahla zabathengi.
Inhlanganisela kanyekanye yalezi zici ezine iyadingeka ukukhiqiza umkhiqizo. Njengoba isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki esidumile uParmenides sathi, "Akukho lutho oluvela ezeni." Ukuze ukukhula kube khona, angeke kubekwe umthetho noma kufiswe; kumele kukhiqizwe.
Izinto zokukhiqiza yizinsiza ezisivumela ukuthi sidale imikhiqizo futhi sihlinzeke ngamasevisi. Awukwazi ukudala umkhiqizo kusukela ekuqaleni, futhi awukwazi ukwenza isevisi ngaphandle komsebenzi, okubuye kube isici sokukhiqiza. Umnotho wesimanje awukwazi ukuba khona ngaphandle kwezici zokukhiqiza, okuwenza abaluleke kakhulu.
Ukwahlukanisa
Izinsiza ezidingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe izimpahla noma izinsiza ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa ngamaqembu amane amakhulu: umhlaba, abasebenzi, imali, kanye nezamabhizinisi.
Terra
Kubhekiselwa kuyo yonke imithombo yemvelo; lezi zinsiza ziyizipho ezinikezwe ngokwemvelo. Ezinye izibonelo zemithombo yemvelo amanzi, uwoyela, ithusi, igesi yemvelo, amalahle namahlathi. Kuhlanganisa indawo yokukhiqiza nakho konke okuvela emhlabathini.
Kungaba insiza engavuseleleki, njengegolide, igesi yemvelo, namafutha. Kungaba futhi insiza evuselelekayo, njengezingodo ezisuka emahlathini. Lapho abantu sebeyishintshile isuka esimweni sayo sokuqala, iba yimali eyinhloko.
Ngokwesibonelo, uwoyela uwumthombo wemvelo, kodwa uphethiloli uyimpahla. Ipulazi liwumthombo wemvelo, kodwa inxanxathela yezitolo iyimpahla enkulu.
UJobe
Kuhlanganisa wonke umsebenzi owenziwa abasebenzi nabasebenzi kuwo wonke amazinga enhlangano, ngaphandle komqashi. Njengesici sokukhiqiza, kusho noma yimuphi umnikelo womuntu.
Izinga lomsebenzi lincike emakhonweni, emfundweni nasekugqugquzeleni abasebenzi. Kubuye kuncike ekukhiqizeni. Lokhu kulinganisa ukuthi kukhiqizwa malini ngehora lesikhathi sokukhiqiza.
Ngokuvamile, uma izinga lomsebenzi liphakeme, abasebenzi bakhiqiza kakhulu. Iphinde izuze ekukhuleni kokukhiqiza ngenxa yokuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe.
Capital
I-capital ifushane ezimpahleni ezinkulu. Lezi izinto ezenziwe abantu, njengemishini, amathuluzi, amathuluzi, namakhemikhali, asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ukukhiqiza okuhle noma isevisi. Yilokhu okuzihlukanisa nezimpahla zabathengi.
Isibonelo, izakhiwo zezimboni nezentengiselwano zifakiwe ezimpahleni ezinkulu, kodwa izindawo zokuhlala ezizimele azifakiwe. Indiza yezentengiselwano iyimpahla enkulu, kodwa indiza yangasese ayinjalo.
Ezinye izibonelo ezivamile zemali zifaka izando, ama-forklift, ama-conveyors, amakhompyutha, namaveni okudiliva. Ukwenyuka kwempahla enkulu kusho ukwanda kwamandla okukhiqiza omnotho.
Ezamabhizinisi
Usomabhizinisi wuhlelo lokuthuthukisa umbono ube yibhizinisi. Usomabhizinisi uhlanganisa ezinye izici ezintathu zokukhiqiza ukuze akhiqize umkhiqizo.
Amamodeli amaningi ezomnotho akudala awanaki ukuhweba njengengxenye yokukhiqiza noma akuthatha njengengxenye yabasebenzi.
Pho kungani abanye osomnotho bebheka ukuhweba njengengxenye yokukhiqiza? Ngoba kungakhuphula ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kwenkampani.
Usomabhizinisi ngumuntu ohlonza amathuba amasha, athathe umbono bese ezama ukuthola inzuzo yezomnotho kuwo ngokuhlanganisa zonke ezinye izici zokukhiqiza.
Usomabhizinisi futhi uthatha zonke izingozi kanye nemivuzo yebhizinisi; abaphumelela kakhulu yilabo abathatha izingozi ezintsha. Osomabhizinisi bayinjini ebalulekile yokukhula komnotho.
Ukuziphatha kwezici zokukhiqiza
Ngokuvamile, umkhiqizo noma isevisi isebenzisa isici ngasinye kwezine zokukhiqiza ekukhiqizeni kwawo.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezici: eziyinhloko kanye nezesibili. Izici eziyinhloko umhlaba, abasebenzi (ikhono lokusebenza), nempahla yemali.
Izinto ezisetshenziswayo namandla kuthathwa njengezici zesibili kumnotho wakudala ngoba atholakala emhlabeni, abasebenzi kanye nemali.
Izici eziyinhloko zenza ukukhiqizwa kwenzeke, kodwa azibi yingxenye yomkhiqizo (njengasezindaweni ezingavuthiwe), futhi aziguquki kakhulu ohlelweni lokukhiqiza (njengoba kwenzeka kuphethiloli osetshenziselwa ukuphehla imishini).
Izintengo zezinto zokukhiqiza
Emakethe yamahhala, amanani entengo anqunywa isidingo nokuhlinzekwa kwesici ngasinye sokukhiqiza. Izindleko zokukhiqiza zimane ziyisamba sezindleko zazo zonke izici zokukhiqiza ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni.
Imali etholwa abanikazi bomhlaba nezinye izinsiza zemvelo ibizwa ngerenti. Umvuzo noma imali engenayo evela ezinsizeni zabasebenzi etholwe yisici sokukhiqiza abasebenzi ibizwa ngokuthi amaholo. Iwumthombo omkhulu wemali engenayo kubantu abaningi.
Imali engenayo etholwa abanikazi bezimpahla ezinkulu ibizwa ngokuthi inzalo. Inkokhelo eya kosomabhizinisi ibizwa ngokuthi inzuzo, noma inzuzo, njengomvuzo wengozi abayithathayo.
Isikhathi esifushane siqhathaniswa nokukhiqizwa kwesikhathi eside
Kuthiyori yebhizinisi, umehluko phakathi kwesikhashana nesikhathi eside awusekelwe ngempela ubude besikhathi; kusekelwe kakhulu ezingeni lokuhlukahluka kwezici zokukhiqiza.
Ngokuhamba kancane, okungenani isici esisodwa sokukhiqiza sihlala singashintshiwe futhi singashintshiwe. Ngokuphambene, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zonke izici zokukhiqiza ziyahlukahluka.
Enqubweni yokukhiqiza yezinto ezimbili ezimfishane, isici esisodwa kuphela sokukhiqiza esiguquguqukayo. Kumodeli yokukhiqiza yezinto ezimbili ezimfishane, izinguquko kokuphumayo (okuphumayo ngokomzimba) ziwumphumela wezinguquko kusici esiguquguqukayo sokukhiqiza.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zonke izici zokukhiqiza ezisetshenziswa inkampani enqubweni yokukhiqiza ziyahlukahluka. Kumodeli yokukhiqiza yezinto ezimbili ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, zombili izici zokukhiqiza (isb., imali enkulu kanye nezabasebenzi) ziyizinto eziguquguqukayo.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinga lokukhiphayo lenkampani lingashintsha ngenxa yezinguquko kunoma yiziphi noma kuzo zonke izici zokukhiqiza.
Ukubaluleka
Ngokombono wezomnotho, yonke ifemu kufanele ibe nazo zozine izici zokukhiqiza ukuze zikhiqize. Akukho okuhlukile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuba nazo zonke izici ezine endaweni akwanele; kumelwe futhi zilinganisele. Abasebenzi abaningi kakhulu kanye nesikhala esanele sokubamukela kudala ukungasebenzi kahle.
Imibono eminingi kanye nabantu, kodwa akukho ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu, kusho ukuthi inkampani ayikwazi ukukhula kakhulu. Isici ngasinye sokukhiqiza kufanele sihlangabezane nezidingo zabanye ukuze ibhizinisi landa ngenzuzo.
Umqondo we-factor of production ubaluleke kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni umnotho wesimanje.
Ithiyori yezindleko zokukhiqiza
Ithiyori yezindleko zokukhiqiza nayo incike ekuhlanganiseni kwezinto zokukhiqiza ezisetshenziswa ebhizinisini namanani akhokhelwayo.
Ngokombono walethiyori, izici zokukhiqiza zihlukaniswa zibe izici ezingaguquki neziguquguqukayo. Izici ezingaguquki yilezo izindleko zazo ezingashintshi ngokuhlukahluka kokukhiqizwa, njengemishini.
Izinto eziguquguqukayo yilezo amanani azo nezindleko eziguqukayo nezinguquko ekukhiqizeni. Ukukhiqizwa okuphezulu, inani elikhulu labasebenzi, izinto zokusetshenziswa, amandla, njll.
Inqobo nje uma inkampani ikhava izindleko zokukhiqiza zezinto eziguquguqukayo ezisebenzisayo, ingaqhubeka nokukhiqiza, ngisho noma ingafaki izindleko zokukhiqiza zezinto ezingashintshi futhi idala ukulahlekelwa; nokho, lokhu kungenzeka kuphela esikhathini esifushane.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kufanele ihlanganise izindleko zokukhiqiza zazo zombili izici ezingaguquki neziguquguqukayo. Ngakho-ke, umehluko phakathi kwezinto ezingaguquki neziguquguqukayo zokukhiqiza ubalulekile kuthiyori yebhizinisi.
Ukukhula komnotho
Umgomo wokuhleleka komnotho wukwenza izinto eziqakatheke kakhulu ngabantu. Ukukhula komnotho kwenzeka lapho kungadalwa imikhiqizo eshibhile; lokhu kuphakamisa izinga lokuphila ngokunciphisa izindleko nokwandisa amaholo.
Ukukhula komnotho kuwumphumela wokuba nezinto ezingcono zokukhiqiza. Le nqubo iboniswa ngokucacile lapho umnotho uba nezimboni noma ezinye izinguquko zobuchwepheshe. Ihora ngalinye lomsebenzi lingakhiqiza inani elikhulu lezimpahla ezibalulekile.
Izinkomba
- I-Investopedia (2018). Izici Zokukhiqiza. Itholwe ku: investopedia.com.
- I-Wikipedia, i-encyclopedia yamahhala (2018). Izici zokukhiqiza. Ithathwe ku: en.wikipedia.org.
- Kimberly Amadeo (2018). Izici zokukhiqiza, izinhlobo ezine nokuthi umnikazi wazo. Ibhalansi. Kutholwe ku: thebalance.com.
- I-Prateek Agarwal (2018). Izici Zokukhiqiza. Intelligent Economist. Kutholwe ku: intelleconomist.com.
- Natasha Kwat (2018). Izinto Zokukhiqiza: Ukuhlelwa Nokubaluleka. Ingxoxo Yezomnotho Itholwe ku: economicsdiscussion.net.
- Sean Ross (2018). Kungani izici zokukhiqiza zibalulekile ekukhuleni komnotho? Itholwe ku: investopedia.com.
- U-Tom Lutzenberger Kungani izici zokukhiqiza zibalulekile kwezomnotho? I-Bizfluent Itholwe ku: bizfluent.com.