Ukuqagela okusemthethweni kubhekisela ekucabangeni okungokomthetho okusungulwe ngumthetho, okucabangela ukuba khona kweqiniso noma isimo esisekelwe ebufakazini obuthile. Lo mqondo usetshenziswa kabanzi emthethweni ukwenza lula ubufakazi bezakhi ezithile ekuqhutshweni kwezomthetho, ngaphandle kwesidingo sobufakazi obuqondile.
Kulesi sihloko, sizoxoxa ngokuhlukaniswa kwemibono engokomthetho futhi sinikeze izibonelo ezingokoqobo zokuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani emkhakheni wezomthetho. Ngokuwuqonda kangcono lo mqondo, abafundi bayoba nokuqonda okucacile kokuthi ukuqagela okungokomthetho kungathonya kanjani ukuthathwa kwezinqumo ezinkantolo kanye nezomthetho.
Isibonelo sokuqagela okusemthethweni: ukuqonda ukuthi ukuqagela kusebenza kanjani emacaleni omthetho.
Ukuqagela okungokomthetho kuyisikhungo esingokomthetho esisekelwe ekuqageleni okubhekwa njengeqiniso kuze kuqinisekiswe ngenye indlela. Emacaleni angokomthetho, ukuqagela okungokomthetho kusetshenziswa ukuze kube lula inqubo yokuqulwa kwecala, njengoba ezinye izimo kunzima ukufakazela ngazo ngokuqondile.
Isibonelo esivamile sokuqagela ngokomthetho ukuqagela kobaba. Ngokomthetho, umyeni uthathwa njengoyise wezingane ezizalwe ngesikhathi somshado. Kulokhu, ukuqagela okungokomthetho kusiza ukuhlonza ubaba ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuhlolwa kwe-DNA noma obunye ubufakazi.
Esinye isibonelo siwukucabanga ukuthi umsulwa. Ngokomthethosisekelo weFederal, wonke umuntu uthathwa njengomsulwa kuze kutholakale ukuthi unecala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi umthwalo wobufakazi uwela kubashushisi, okumele bakhombise ngokugculisayo ukuthi ummangalelwa unecala.
Ngamafuphi, ukuqagela ngokomthetho kuyithuluzi elibalulekile emkhakheni wezomthetho, okusiza ukwenza lula izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi nokuqinisekisa ubulungiswa. Ukuqonda ukuthi lesi sikhungo sisebenza kanjani kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuvikeleka kwamalungelo nezintshisakalo zabo bonke abathintekayo ekuqulweni kwecala.
Ukuboniswa okucacile kokuqagela okuphelele endabeni ethile yocwaningo.
Isibonelo esicacile sokucabangela okuphelele singatholakala ocwaningweni lwakamuva oluhilela umuntu osolwa ngokugebenga. Kulokhu, ukucatshangelwa kwezomthetho kwakusekelwe ebufakazini obuthile futhi ngaphandle kobufakazi obuphathekayo. Ummangalelwa utholwe enecala nje ngokuba khona endaweni yesigameko, engaxhumene ngqo nesigameko sokugebenga okukhulunywa ngaso.
Lokhu kucabangela okuphelele kwafakazelwa ukuntula kweziphathimandla uphenyo olufanele, ezavele zathatha icala lommangalelwa ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni nasekubandlululeni. Lokhu kwaholela ekugwetshweni okungalungile futhi kwabonisa ukuthi ukucatshangelwa okuphelele kungaba yingozi futhi kulimaze kangakanani ohlelweni lwezomthetho.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi ukucabangela okuphelele kuphambene nezimiso eziyisisekelo zobulungisa, ezidinga ubufakazi obungaphezu kokungabaza okunengqondo. Kulokhu, ukucabangela okuphelele kubangele ukwephulwa kwamalungelo ommangalelwa kanye nesinqumo esingalungile.
Sengiphetha, lolu cwaningo lwecala lubonisa ngokucacile izingozi zokucatshangelwa okuphelele ohlelweni lwezomthetho futhi lugqamisa ukubaluleka kophenyo olunzulu nolungathathi hlangothi ngaphambi kokwenza noma yikuphi ukucatshangelwa kwecala. Ubulungisa bungafinyelelwa kuphela uma izinqumo zisekelwe ebufakazini obuphathekayo, hhayi nje ukucatshangelwa.
Amacala akha izithiyo nezinsolo ezimeni ezihlukene zomthetho.
Emkhakheni wezomthetho, kuvamile ukuhlangana nezimo lapho ijaji noma ilungu leHhovisi Lomshushisi Womphakathi kufanele limemezele ukuthi alifanelekile noma liyasola ekubambeni icala elithile. Ukungavunyelwa nokusola yizinhlangano ezisemthethweni ezihlose ukuqinisekisa ukungakhethi kanye nokulunga kwenqubo.
Isithiyo senzeka lapho ijaji noma ilungu leHhovisi Lomshushisi Womphakathi linohlobo oluthile lobudlelwano bomuntu siqu noma bomsebenzi nezinhlangothi ezithintekayo ecaleni, okungase kubeke engcupheni ukungachemi kwabo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukusola kubhekise ekubeni khona kwezizathu ezidala ukungabaza ngokungachemi kwejaji, noma ngabe abukho ubudlelwano obuqondile nabathintekayo.
Isibonelo esicacile sokuhoxiswa kulapho ijaji lihlobene nomunye wabathintekayo ecaleni. Kulokhu, kufanele baveze ukuthi abafanelekile ekulingiseni, njengoba ubuhlobo babo bomndeni bungaba nomthelela esinqumweni sabo. Isibonelo sokuhoxiswa kungaba uma ijaji like lanikeza usizo lwezokubonisana kwenye yezinhlangothi ezithintekayo ecaleni, okungase kuqubule imibuzo mayelana nokungachemi kwabo.
Ngamafuphi, izithiyo nokusola kuyizindlela ezibalulekile zokuqinisekisa ukungakhethi nokungenzeleli ekuqulweni kwecala. Kubalulekile ukuthi amajaji namalungu eHhovisi Lomshushisi Womphakathi azazi lezi zindaba futhi azitshele ukuthi anezihibe noma asola uma kunesidingo, ngaleyo ndlela agweme noma yikuphi ukuchema noma ukungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo.
Ukucabangela ngokuphelele icala: isibonelo kumthetho waseBrazil.
Ukucatshangelwa ngokuphelele kwecala kuwukucabangela okungokomthetho lapho, lapho ukuba khona kwamaqiniso athile kufakazelwa, icala leqembu elihilelekile licatshangelwa ngokuzenzekelayo, ngaphandle kwesidingo sanoma ibuphi ubufakazi obengeziwe. E-Brazil, isibonelo esicacile salokhu kucatshangelwa yi-Athikili 302 ye-Brazilian Traffic Code, esungula ukuthi umshayeli wemoto ehileleke engozini yethrafikhi efile noma elimele emzimbeni kufanele ahlolwe i-breathalyzer noma ahlolwe igazi ukuze anqume ukuba khona kotshwala ohlelweni lwakhe. Uma umshayeli enqaba ukuhlolwa, ngokuzenzekelayo uthathwa njengecala lokushayela ephuzile, ngisho noma kungekho obunye ubufakazi obuphathekayo becala labo.
Ukuqagela Okusemthethweni: Ukuhlelwa Nezibonelo
Ukucabanga okusemthethweni kuyiqiniso elingaqondakali elingaveza umphumela osemthethweni onemiphumela. Imiphumela engokomthetho esungulwe ngumthetho incike ekugcwalisekeni kokucabanga. Imiphumela engokomthetho evela ekuqalisweni kokucabanga okungokomthetho ihlanganisa ukudalwa, ukudluliselwa, ukuguqulwa, noma ukuqothulwa kwamalungelo nezibopho.
Ukuqagela okusemthethweni kuthathwa njengento engabonakali, njengoba iqiniso ngokwalo lingase ligcwaliseke noma lingenzeki ekusebenzeni, nakuba umthetho ukholelwa ukuthi ukuqaliswa kwawo kuyenzeka. Uma kwenzeka, ukucabangela okungokomthetho okusungulwe ngumthetho neqiniso kufanele kulungiswe.
Isibonelo, emkhakheni wezomthetho wobugebengu, kuyadingeka ukuthi bavumelane ngokuphelele. Isifaniso esilula akwanele. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindawo ezingokomthetho ziwumsuka wamalungelo; isibonelo, ukubeletha umntwana kuveza iqiniso eliholela emalungelweni, njengamalungelo abazali noma ikhefu lokubeletha.
Kunoma yikuphi, kuyadingeka ukuthi ukucabanga okungokomthetho, i-hypothesis ephakanyiswe emthethweni, kukhiqizwe ukuze kuvele imiphumela emisiwe.
Ukwahlukanisa
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezakhiwo ezingokomthetho kuqala ngezakhiwo ezingokomthetho ezilula neziyinkimbinkimbi, ezingahlukaniswa njengezizimele nezincikile. Izakhiwo ezincikile zingalandelana noma ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Elula futhi eyinkimbinkimbi
Imicabango elula yileyo edalwe ngaphansi kwe-hypothesis eyodwa; Ngokuphambene, ukuqagela okuyinkimbinkimbi kuwumphumela noma umphumela wamaqiniso amaningana noma imibono ecatshangelwayo.
Ezizimele futhi zincike
Ukuqagela kwezomthetho okuyinkimbinkimbi kungase kuzimele uma eyodwa yayo yanele ukuthi imiphumela yezomthetho yenzeke.
Kulezi zimo, iqiniso ngalinye liyisihloko esiphelele esikhiqiza imiphumela ngokwaso, ngaphandle kwesidingo samanye amaqiniso.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ziyizakhiwo ezisemthethweni ezincike uma zibhekwa njengengxenye yesethi futhi, ngenxa yalokho, azinawo amandla omthetho ngendlela eyodwa ukuze athole imiphumela yezomthetho.
Kanyekanye futhi ngokulandelana
Izakhiwo ezisemthethweni ezincikile zizoba kanyekanye uma ukugcwaliseka, ngesikhathi esifanayo, kwamaqiniso omthetho kudingekile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuncike futhi kuyimibono engokomthetho elandelanayo uma amaqiniso abangela umphumela wezomthetho kufanele enziwe ngokulandelana; okungukuthi, ngokulandelana.
Imiphumela
Kunokuxhumana okucacile phakathi kokuqagela okungokomthetho nemiphumela engokomthetho. Abanye osomthetho, njengoHelmholtz, balinganisa lokhu nesixhumanisi phakathi kwembangela nomphumela emvelweni. Wonke umthetho ubeka ukuthi, ezimeni ezithile, kunemiphumela ethile.
Imiphumela yomthetho evela ekuqageleni okungokomthetho ingase ibe ukuzalwa, ukudluliselwa, ukuguqulwa noma ukuqedwa kwamandla nezibopho.
Isibonelo somphumela ongokomthetho singabonakala emthethweni wobugebengu ku-Article 138 ye-Spanish Penal Code, ethi: « Noma ubani obulala omunye uzojeziswa, njengesiboshwa sokubulala, ngesigwebo sejele iminyaka eyishumi kuya kweyishumi nanhlanu. ».
Isisekelo esingokomthetho siwukubulala omunye umuntu futhi ukwenziwa kwalo mbono kubangela umphumela ongokomthetho wokuphucwa inkululeko yesihloko owenza ubugebengu isikhathi esingu-X.
Kukhona ukufana okuthile emthethweni kaNewton wesenzo nokusabela, ochaza ukuthi isenzo ngasinye sikhiqiza ukusabela. Kulokhu, noma yikuphi ukuqagela kwezomthetho kwenza imiphumela yezomthetho.
Izibonelo
Akukho ukuthunyelwa kwe-akhawunti yomphakathi
Inkampani ethenga futhi idayise izimpahla idingeka ngokusemthethweni ukuthi ilethe ama-akhawunti ayo minyaka yonke phakathi nesikhathi esishiwo. Lokhu kungaba umcabango ongokomthetho odala isibopho sokuhambisa ama-akhawunti.
Uma inkampani yehluleka ukwenza kanjalo, umphumela uba: unswinyo olwenziwa yibhizinisi likahulumeni elinekhono.
Yehlulekile ukudlulisa ukuhlolwa kobuchwepheshe bemoto (ITV)
Umshayeli onemoto engaphezu kweminyaka engu-4 ubudala kudingeka ukuthi ayithathe ngezikhathi ezithile ukuze adlule ku-ITV.
Uma le mfuneko yomthetho ingafinyelelwanga futhi amaphoyisa aqaphela lokhu kuphulwa, umphumela omisiwe wesigwebo sezimali uzokwenzeka, kanye nokungenakwenzeka kokusebenzisa imoto kuze kube yilapho isimo silawulwa.
Ubugebengu bokusebenzisa kabi imali
Ozakwethu ababili babelana ngokuphathwa kwenkampani enesibopho esilinganiselwe. Omunye wabo wenza ukukhwabanisa, efihla izinzuzo zomunye uzakwethu.
Kulokhu, kunokucabangela okungokomthetho kwesenzo sokukhwabanisa ngamabomu, esizoba nemiphumela engokomthetho yezijeziso zezomnotho ngisho nezijeziso zobugebengu uma inhloso ifakazelwa. Lokhu kubizwa ngokusetshenziswa budedengu kwezimali ngokwe-Article 251 ye-Penal Code.
Ikhefu lokubeletha
Isisebenzi ngubaba. Ngokushesha nje kulokhu kucatshangwa, ilungelo likababa lekhefu lokubeletha elikhokhelwayo liyakhula, anelungelo lokulifuna futhi alijabulele ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho. I-athikili 48 bis ye-Royal Legislative Decree 1/1995 isho okulandelayo:
“Ezimweni zokuzalwa kwengane, ukutholwa noma usizo lwezenhlalakahle, ngokuhambisana nesigaba 45.1.d salo Mthetho, isisebenzi sizoba nelungelo lokumiswa kwenkontileka amasonto amane angaphazamiseki, anwetshwe endabeni yokuzalwa kaningi, ukutholwa noma usizo lomphakathi ngezinye izinsuku ezimbili ngengane ngayinye kusukela kowesibili.
Lokhu kumiswa kuzimele ekujabuleleni okwabiwe ngezikhathi zokuphumula kokubeletha, okulawulwa ku-athikili 48.4”.
Ukuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi
Owesifazane oneminyaka engu-18 uya ocansini nengane engaphansi kweminyaka engu-15. Lokhu kuwukucabangela okusemthethweni okuvikelwe yi-Article 183 ye-Penal Code:
"Noma ngubani owenza izenzo zocansi nengane eneminyaka engaphansi kweshumi nesithupha uzojeziswa njengecala lokuhlukumeza ngokocansi ingane egwetshwe iminyaka emibili kuya kweyisithupha."
Ukucatshangelwa okusemthethweni kuholela ekugwetshweni ejele kwengane eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala.
Umehluko phakathi kokuqagela kwezomthetho kanye neqiniso
Lo mehluko phakathi kwemibono emibili uyisisekelo somthetho, ngoba, nakuba ukucatshangwa komthetho kuyinto enhle, iqiniso elingokomthetho lingokoqobo, iqiniso elisebenzayo.
Ukwehlukanisa phakathi kokuqagela kanye neqiniso elingokomthetho kuba nomthelela omkhulu encazelweni yezibopho nemithombo. Kuyimpikiswano, enemibono engqubuzanayo phakathi kwezazi zezomthetho.
Izinkomba
- Hilda (2013) Ukuqagela Kwezomthetho . Right.laguia2000.com
- UCarlos Velasco. Ukuqagela Kwezomthetho Leyderecho.org
- A. Garcia (2010). Imiqondo yomthetho eyisisekelo university-law.over-blog
- U-Alberto Velez Ukuqagela okusemthethweni namaqiniso. Umagazini Wombono Wezomthetho.
- Incazelo esemthethweni. Ukuqagela okusemthethweni Legaldefinition.blogspot.com