Ukwenyanya ukulahlekelwa yinto engokwengqondo echaza ukuthambekela kwabantu ekwaziseni ukulahlekelwa ngaphezu kwezinzuzo ezifanayo. Ngamanye amazwi, abantu bavame ukuzwa ubuhlungu obukhulu lapho belahlekelwa okuthile kunenjabulo lapho bethola okuthile kwenani elilinganayo. Lokhu kuchema kokuqonda kuye kwacwaningwa kabanzi futhi kungenye yezimiso eziyisisekelo ze-prospect theory, eyathuthukiswa osomnotho uDaniel Kahneman no-Amos Tversky. Ukuqonda lesi simo kubalulekile hhayi kuphela kwezokusebenza kwengqondo kodwa nakwezomnotho wokuziphatha kanye neminye imikhakha lapho ukuziphatha komuntu kudlala indima ebalulekile.
Qonda incazelo yokwenyanya ukulahlekelwa kanye nemithelela yako ekuziphatheni komuntu.
Ukwenyanya ukulahlekelwa yinto engokwengqondo echaza ukuthambekela kwabantu ukubeka inani elikhulu ekugwemeni ukulahlekelwa kunokuzuza izinzuzo ezifanayo. Lokhu kukhetha kokuziphatha kwaduma isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo uDaniel Kahneman kanye no-Amos Tversky kumbono wabo wethemba.
Lapho umuntu elahlekelwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngokwezezimali, ngokomzwelo, noma ngenye indlela, uvame ukuzwa umthelela omkhulu kunalapho ebethole inzuzo efanayo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu bavame ukuzimisela ukuthatha izingozi eziningi ukuze bagweme ukulahlekelwa kunokuzuza inzuzo.
Lokhu kuzondwa kokulahlekelwa kunemithelela eminingana ekuziphatheni komuntu. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu bangase babe maningi amathuba okuba bahlale ezimweni ezingagculisi ukuze nje bagweme umuzwa wokulahlekelwa. Ngokufanayo, abatshalizimali bangase baqaphe ngokweqile futhi bangabaze ukuzifaka engozini, ngisho nalapho ukwenza kanjalo kungase kuphumele enzuzweni enkulu.
Ukuqonda ukwenyanya ukulahlekelwa kubalulekile ekuqondeni eziningi zokuziphatha nezinqumo zethu. Ngokubona lokhu kuchema, singaqaphela kakhudlwana ukuthi kuthonya kanjani ukukhetha kwethu futhi sifune izindlela zokunciphisa umthelela wako ezimpilweni zethu.
Izindlela zokubhekana nokwesaba ukulahlekelwa okuthile okubalulekile empilweni yakho.
Ukwenyanya ukulahlekelwa yinto engokwengqondo echaza ukuthambekela kwabantu ekwaziseni lokho asebenakho ngaphezu kwalokho abangakuzuza. Lokhu kungaholela ekwesabeni okukhulu kokulahlekelwa okuthile okubalulekile ekuphileni kwabo, njengobuhlobo, umsebenzi, noma ngisho nento ezuzisayo.
Ukuze ubhekane nalokhu kwesaba, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa amasu athile angasiza ekunciphiseni ukukhathazeka. Enye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu ukuzijwayeza ukwamukela iqiniso lokuthi ukulahlekelwa kuyingxenye yokuphila nokuthi asikwazi ukulawula njalo okwenzekayo. Ngokwamukela leli qiniso, singafunda ukubhekana nobunzima ngokuthula.
Elinye isu elibalulekile ukuhlakulela ukubonga ngalokho esinakho kakade. Ngokugxila ezicini ezinhle zokuphila kwethu, singanciphisa ukubaluleka ngokweqile esikubeka ekulahlekelweni okungenzeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhuba wokubonga ungasisiza silondoloze umbono olinganiselayo noqondile.
Kubalulekile futhi ukusebenza ekuqiniseni ngokomzwelo , okungukuthi, ikhono lokubhekana nobunzima ngendlela enempilo neyakhayo. Lokhu kuhilela ukuthuthukisa amakhono okubhekana nezimo, njengokufuna ukwesekwa ngokomzwelo, ukuhlanganyela emisebenzini esilethela injabulo, kanye nokuhlakulela imicabango emihle.
Okokugcina, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukwesaba ukulahlekelwa kungokwemvelo futhi kuyingxenye yokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu. Nokho, ngokwamukela la masu nokufuna usizo lochwepheshe lapho kudingekile, singafunda ukuphatha lokhu kwesaba ngendlela enempilo futhi eyakhayo, okusivumela ukuba siphile ngokuthula okukhulu nokulinganisela ngokomzwelo.
Thola ukuchema okuyinhloko okuthonya izinqumo zethu nokuziphatha kwethu.
Ukuzondwa kokulahlekelwa yinto engokwengqondo edlala indima ebalulekile ezinqumweni zethu nasekuziphatheni kwethu. Lokhu kuchema, okuhlonzwe izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo uDaniel Kahneman no-Amos Tversky, kubonisa indlela abantu abavame ukubeka ngayo inani elikhulu ekugwemeni ukulahlekelwa kunokuthola izinzuzo.
Uma sibhekene nethuba lokulahlekelwa okuthile, ubuchopho bethu busabela kakhulu kunalapho sibhekene nenzuzo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi maningi amathuba okuthi sibeke engcupheni encane uma sibhekene nethuba lokulahlekelwa okuthile kunalapho singathola khona okuthize.
Lokhu kuchema kungase kuthinte izinqumo zethu emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yempilo, kusukela ekutshalweni kwezimali kuya ekukhetheni komuntu siqu. Isibonelo, umuntu angase angabi sengozini kakhulu lapho etshala imali yakhe, ekhetha izinketho eziphephile ngisho noma kusho imbuyiselo ephansi. Ngokufanayo, omunye angase abe manqikanqika ukwamukela izinguquko ebuhlotsheni bakhe bomuntu siqu ngenxa yokwesaba ukulahlekelwa ukuzinza kwakhe kwamanje.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela umthelela wokwenyanya ukulahlekelwa ezinqumweni zethu ukuze senze ukukhetha okunolwazi kakhulu nokuhluzekile. Ngokuqonda lokhu kuchema nokufunda ukukulawula, singagwema ukwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe ekwesabeni ukulahlekelwa futhi sifune amathuba okukhula nentuthuko.
Ngakho-ke, lapho wenza izinqumo ezibalulekile empilweni yakho, khumbula ukucabangela ukwenyanya ukulahlekelwa nokuthi kungase kube nomthelela kanjani ezinqumweni zakho. Zama ukulinganisa isidingo sokugwema ukulahlekelwa nokuphishekela amathuba okuzuza ukuze wenze izinqumo ezihambisana nemigomo nezifiso zakho.
Ukuqonda ukwenyanya ukulahlekelwa emakethe yezezimali: umqondo kanye nomthelela ekutshalweni kwezimali.
Ukwenyanya ukulahlekelwa yinto engokwengqondo echaza ukuthambekela kwabantu ukugwema ukulahlekelwa okuthile asebenakho, ngisho noma kusho ukuthatha ubungozi obuningi ukuyigcina. Emakethe yezezimali, ukwenyanya ukulahlekelwa kungaba nomthelela omkhulu ekutshalweni kwezimali.
Lapho abatshalizimali bengakuthandi ukulahlekelwa, bavame ukugxila kakhulu ekugwemeni ukulahlekelwa kunokuzuza izinzuzo. Lokhu kungabaholela ekwenzeni izinqumo zokutshala izimali ngendlela elandelanayo futhi bagweme ubungozi, ngisho noma kusho ukuphuthelwa amathuba okwenza inzuzo. Ukwenyanya ukulahlekelwa kungaholela abatshalizimali ukuthi bathengise ngokushesha izimpahla ngesikhathi sokwehla kwezimakethe, okungaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwenyanya ukulahlekelwa kungaholela abatshalizimali ukuthi benze izinqumo ezingokomzwelo kunezinengqondo, ezingaholela ekuguquguqukeni okukhulu ezimakethe zezimali. Abatshalizimali abangakuthandi ukulahlekelwa bangase balandele isixuku futhi bathonywe imizwelo yemakethe, kunokulandela isu eliqinile, elinolwazi lokutshala izimali.
Kubalulekile ukuthi abatshalizimali babone futhi baqonde ukwenyanya ukulahlekelwa ukuze bakhe isu lokutshala imali elicabangela kokubili izinzuzo ezingaba khona kanye nokulahlekelwa okungenzeka.
Ukulahlekelwa ukulahlekelwa: yini lesi simo sengqondo?
Cabanga ukuthi sisemqhudelwaneni futhi basinika izinketho ezimbili: basinike isamba esingu-€1000 noma engcupheni yokuwina u-€1200 ngamathuba angu-80% okuyithola (nakuba sinethuba elingu-20% lokungatholi lutho).
Besingenzani? Kungenzeka ukuthi abanye banqume ukufaka engcupheni inketho yesibili, yize abanye abaningi bekhetha inketho ephephile.
Lo mehluko ungenxa yemibono ehlukene kanye nokuthambekela okuhlukene kokuqonda kanye nemizwa nokuchema. Endabeni yalabo abakhetha ukungathathi ubungozi futhi bathole inani elincane kodwa eliphephile, izenzo zabo zingachazwa kakhulu ngomqondo owaziwa ngokuthi ukulahlekelwa ukulahlekelwa, esizoxoxa ngakho kuso sonke lesi sihloko.
Ukuzonda ukulahlekelwa: sikhuluma ngani?
Ukuthambekela kokulahlekelwa kuvela ekuthambekeleni okunamandla kokungalahlekelwa kuqala kunokuwina . Lo mkhuba uyaqondakala njengokumelana nokulahlekelwa ngenxa yomthelela omkhulu wemizwa odalwa yithuba lokulahlekelwa; empeleni, ukuba khona kokulahlekelwa kudala ukusebenza okukhulu kwemizwa kunalokho okubangelwa inzuzo engaba khona (ikakhulukazi cishe izikhathi ezimbili noma ezimbili nesigamu ngaphezulu).
Sibhekene nohlobo lwendlela yokucabanga ehlelekile noma emfushane engasibangela ukucwaswa kwengqondo okukhetha ukuziphatha okugwema ingozi ngenxa yokwesaba ukulahlekelwa: asikwazi ukuthatha izingozi ukuze sithole okuhle okuwusizo noma ngisho nengozi futhi silahlekelwe ngaphezu kwalokho okudingekayo uma sizama ukugwema ukulahlekelwa. Siyazisa lokho esinakho ngaphezu kwalokho esingakuzuza, okuholela ekutheni sithambekele ekuzameni ukugwema ukulahlekelwa ngaphezu kwakho konke okunye, ngaphandle kokuthi ukunqoba kukhanga kakhulu.
Khumbula ukuthi ukuzondwa kokulahlekelwa akukuhle noma akukubi ngokwako futhi, ekujuleni, kwenza umqondo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo: uma sinomthombo wokudla oqhele ngamamitha ambalwa, kodwa singabona umhlaseli ngamamitha ambalwa, kungenzeka ukuthi ukuthatha ubungozi kuzoholela ekufeni. Noma esibonelweni esivela esingenisweni: sizothola u-€1000, ingabe lawo ma-euro angama-200 engeziwe ayawedlula amathuba (noma mancane kangakanani) wokungatholi u-€1000?
Iphuzu eliyisisekelo lethiyori elindelwe
Lo mqondo ungenye yezinto ezibalulekile zethiyori kaKahneman noTversky , eyahlola ukwenziwa kwezinqumo zabantu futhi yathuthukisa i-utility hypothesis elindelekile (ethi ngaphambi kwenkinga noma isimo lapho kufanele senze khona isinqumo, sivame ukukhetha inketho esiyibona iwusizo kakhulu maqondana nezindleko/izinzuzo). Ngakho-ke, ukungafuni ukulahlekelwa kuhlanganiswa ngaphakathi kohlaka lokwenza izinqumo futhi kusekelwe enkolelweni yokuthi ukukhetha ukuziphatha okuyingozi kungasiholela ekubhekaneni nezindleko ezinkulu kunezinzuzo.
Manje, nakuba le nzondo yokulahlekelwa ikhona, akusho ukuthi ukuziphatha kwethu kuyohlala kufana. Izinketho zethu zincike kakhulu kuhlaka lwereferensi esiqala ngalo: uma sibhekana nokukhetha okungase kukhiqize inzuzo ngokuqinisekile, sizothambekela ekukhetheni inketho okungenzeka kakhulu, ngisho noma iphansi, kuyilapho uma sibhekana nokukhetha okungaholela ekulahlekelweni kuphela, ukuziphatha ngokuvamile kuphambene (sikhetha ukuba nethuba elingu-80% lokulahlekelwa u-€120 kunokulahlekelwa okuqinisekisiwe kuka-€100). Lesi sici sokugcina sisiholela ekuboniseni ukuthi ukuzondwa kokulahlekelwa akukhona ukubukela phansi ingozi ngayinye ngayinye: singaba engcupheni yokulahlekelwa okuningi, kunokulahlekelwa inani elincane elimisiwe.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi le nzondo yokulahlekelwa ayihlali inamandla: akufani nokuqinisekisa ama-euro ayi-100 noma ukwazi ukufinyelela kuma-euro ayi-120 kunokuqinisekisa ama-euro ayi-100 kodwa ukukhetha ukuzuza ama-euro ayi-100.000. Ngakho-ke, ukubaluleka kwesisusa, okuyisikhuthazo esingasithola, nakho kuyisici esingathonya ukukhetha kwethu.
Lokhu kusithinta kuziphi izici?
Umqondo wokungathandi ukulahlekelwa ngokuvamile uhlotshaniswa nezinkinga zomnotho , ukwazisa, isibonelo, ukuziphatha ezindaweni zebhizinisi, imidlalo, noma izimakethe zamasheya. Kodwa-ke, sikhuluma ngezomnotho zokuziphatha, hhayi nje ngezomnotho wezezimali.
Futhi kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi ukwenyanya ukulahlekelwa kuwukuchema kokuqonda okukhona kwezinye izici zokuphila: kuyingxenye yokuthatha kwethu izinqumo ezingeni lokuqashwa, izifundo (isibonelo esilula ukusibona yilapho sibhekene nohlobo lokuhlola olunesijeziso sephutha) noma ngisho nalapho sisungula izinhlelo zokusebenza.
Ukuziphatha kokwenyanya ukulahlekelwa kuye kwaphawulwa nalapho kubhekene nezisusa ezingokomzwelo eziphikisayo, futhi lokhu kuthambekela kuye kwahlaziywa nakubantu abane-psychopathologies efana nokucindezeleka okukhulu, lapho ukuzondwa kokulahlekelwa kubonakala kwenzeka kakhulu futhi kudala ukuthambekela okuncane esenzweni esiyingozi kunabantu abangenawo umtholampilo.
Ukubandakanyeka kwe-Neuroanatomical
Ukulahlekelwa ukulahlekelwa ngokuvamile kuye kwafundwa ezingeni lokuziphatha, kodwa ezinye izifundo (ezifana noMolins noSerrano, 2019) ziphinde zaphenya ukuthi yiziphi izindlela zobuchopho ezingase zibe ngaphansi kwalokhu kuthambekela.
Izifundo ezahlukahlukene ezihlaziyiwe zibonakala zibonisa ukuthi kunezinhlelo ezimbili, esokuthanda ukudla kanye nesokuhlubuka , ezisebenzisana futhi zisivumele ukuthi senze isinqumo. Kokuqala, okungaba ngokoqobo lapho kukhona izinzuzo ezingaba khona hhayi ukulahlekelwa, okuhambisana nokusesha imivuzo, i-striatum kanye nengxenye enkulu ye-prefrontal cortex kuyagqama. Ohlelweni lokuhlubuka, i-amygdala iyagqama (okunengqondo uma sicabanga ukuthi ingenye yezakhiwo ezixhumene kakhulu nokwesaba nentukuthelo) kanye ne-insula engaphambili, ngaphezu kwezinye izifunda zobuchopho.
Nakuba lezi zinhlelo ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi akukacaci ukuthi zisebenza kanjani, lapho izifundo zibhekene nokukhetha okungase kube nokulahlekelwa, isistimu yokulamba iyavalwa (ngaphandle kwalapho inzuzo engaba khona ibhekwa njengesisusa esanele sokufaka engcupheni) futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, isistimu ephikisayo iyasebenza. Lokhu bekuyosho ukuthi, ezingeni lengqondo nelokuziphatha, kwakukhona ukungabaza ukulahlekelwa. Ngokufanayo, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kungase kube namaphethini okusebenza kobuchopho okuthi, ngisho nangaphandle kokwenza isinqumo, axhunywe kusitayela sokuqonda esivame ukukuzonda ukulahlekelwa.
Izinkomba ze-Bibliographic:
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Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J., kanye noThaler R. (1991). Umthelela we-endowment, ukuzondwa kokulahlekelwa, kanye nokuchema kwesimo se-quo: Anomalies. Umbono ka-J Econ: 5: 193–206.
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Kahneman, D. noTversky, A. (1979). Ithiyori ye-Prospect: Ukuhlaziywa kwesinqumo esingaphansi kwengozi. I-Econometrics, 47: 263-91.
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U-Molins, F. no-Serrano, M.A. (2019). Izisekelo ze-Neural zokulahlekelwa ukulahlekelwa ezimweni zezomnotho: ukubuyekezwa okuhlelekile ngokusho kwemihlahlandlela ye-PRISMA. REV NEUROL, 68: 47-58