I-Titan iyisathelayithi yemvelo enkulukazi ye-Saturn futhi ingeyesibili ngobukhulu ku-Solar System, idlulwa kuphela inyanga ye-Jupiter i-Ganymede. Inomoya ominyene owakhiwe ngokuyinhloko i-nitrogen, i-methane, nama-hydrocarbon, okwenza ihluke phakathi kwezinyanga ze-Solar System. Ubuso bayo buhlanganisa amachibi nolwandle lwe-methane ewuketshezi, kanye nezintaba nezindunduma zamanzi neqhwa le-ammonia.
I-Titan inomjikelezo oyi-elliptical ezungeze iSaturn, ithatha cishe izinsuku eziyi-16 zomhlaba ukuqedela ukuzungeza okukodwa emhlabeni. Ukunyakaza kwayo kuvumelaniswa nokujikeleza kwayo, okusho ukuthi ihlale ibonisa ubuso obufanayo kuSaturn. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Titan ukuphela kwesathelayithi eyaziwayo enomoya omkhulu, okuyenza ibe ithagethi ethakaselekayo kososayensi abafunda ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuphila ngaphandle komhlaba kwezinye izindikimba zeSolar System.
Zitholele izici zomkhathi zenyanga ye-Saturn Titan ngocwaningo lwesayensi.
I-Titan iyinyanga enkulu kunazo zonke ye-Saturn futhi inomoya oyingqayizivele kuwo wonke amaSolar System. Umkhathi wayo wakhiwe ngokuyinhloko nge-nitrogen, kodwa futhi uqukethe amanani abalulekile e-methane nama-hydrocarbon. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonisa ukuthi umoya we-Titan ucebile ngama-molecule ezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi, okwenza kube indawo ethakazelisayo kososayensi ukuba bafunde ngamakhemikhali e-prebiotic.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Titan inomjikelezo oyi-elliptical ezungeze iSaturn, okusho ukuthi ibanga layo ukusuka emhlabeni liyahlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Lokhu kuthonya ngokuqondile umsebenzi womkhathi wenyanga, njengoba amandla adonsela phansi e-Saturn esebenzisa amandla amaza athinta ukuminyana kanye nezinga lokushisa lomkhathi we-Titan.
Ukuzungezisa kwayo kuvumelaniswa nokuzungeza kwayo okuzungeze iSaturn, okusho ukuthi uhlangothi olulodwa lwe-Titan luhlala lubhekene neplanethi. Lokhu kubangela into eyaziwa ngokuthi "i-synchronous rotation," lapho usuku ku-Titan luthatha isikhathi esifanayo njengoba kuthatha ukuqedela ukuzungeza okukodwa ku-Saturn.
Zitholele ukuthi ingaphezulu le-Titan, inyanga enkulu ye-Saturn, libukeka kanjani.
I-Titan, inyanga enkulu kaSaturn, ingesinye sezindikimba zasemkhathini ezithakazelisa kakhulu esimiso sethu sonozungezilanga. Njengoba inobubanzi obungamakhilomitha angu-5.150, i-Titan inkulu kuneplanethi iMercury. Umkhathi wayo ominyene wakhiwe ngokuyinhloko nge-nitrogen, enemikhondo ye-methane ne-ethane, okwenza indawo eyingqayizivele neyimfihlakalo.
Ingaphezulu le-Titan limbozwe amachibi nolwandle lwe-methane ewuketshezi, kanye nezindunduma zezinto eziphilayo. Izici zayo zokuma komhlaba zihlanganisa izintaba, izigodi, nemigodi, evame ukumbozwa ungqimba oluwugqinsi lwenkungu. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi indawo ye-Titan ifana neyoMhlaba wakuqala, ngaphambi kokuvela kokuphila.
I-Titan izungeza iSaturn ebangeni elimaphakathi elingamakhilomitha acishe abe yizigidi ezi-1,2 futhi kuthatha cishe izinsuku eziyi-16 zomhlaba ukuqedela ukuzungeza. Ukuzungezisa kwayo kuvumelaniswa ne-orbit yayo, okusho ukuthi ihlale ibonisa ubuso obufanayo kuSaturn.
Ngezici zayo eziyingqayizivele nezithakazelisayo, i-Titan iyaqhubeka nokuba yisihloko sokutadisha nokuhlola umphakathi wesayensi. Ukutholwa kwayo kungasisiza siqonde kangcono ukuvela kwesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga kanye nokwenzeka kokuphila kwamanye amazwe. I-Titan ngokuqinisekile inezimfihlo eziningi ezingakadalulwa.
Zitholele izici zeplanethi engaqondakali i-Titan, inyanga kaSaturn.
I-Titan inyanga enkulu ye-Saturn futhi ingenye ethakazelisa kakhulu ohlelweni lwethu sonozungezilanga. Ngobubanzi obucishe bube ngu-5.150 km, i-Titan inkulu kuneplanethi iMercury futhi iwukuphela kwendikimba yasezulwini ngaphandle koMhlaba onomoya ominyene. Umkhathi wayo wakhiwe ngokuyinhloko nge-nitrogen, enemikhondo ye-methane ne-ethane, okuyenza ibe indawo eyingqayizivele esimisweni sethu sonozungezilanga.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Titan inamachibi nezilwandle ze-methane ewuketshezi endaweni yayo, okwenza kube ukuphela kwendikimba yasezulwini eyaziwayo ngaphandle koMhlaba ukuba noketshezi oluzinzile phezu kwayo. Ingaphezulu layo limbozwe ungqimba olujiyile lwamanzi neqhwa le-hydrocarbon, okunikeza i-Titan ukubukeka okungaqondakali nokuthakazelisayo.
Mayelana ne-orbit, i-Titan itholakala ebangeni eliyisilinganiso lamakhilomitha angaba yizigidi ezingu-1,2 ukusuka ku-Saturn futhi kuthatha cishe izinsuku eziyi-16 zomhlaba ukuqedela ukuzungeza iplanethi. Ukunyakaza kwayo kuhambisana nokuzungeza kukaSaturn, okusho ukuthi ihlala ikhombisa ubuso obufanayo emhlabeni, njengoba nje iNyanga yenza eMhlabeni.
Umkhathi wayo ominyene, amachibi e-methane, nendawo embozwe yiqhwa kukwenza into ethakaselekayo kososayensi abafuna ukuqonda kangcono ubunkimbinkimbi nokwehlukahlukana kwesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga.
Thola izimfihlo ze-Titan: yini inyanga enkulu ye-Saturn efihlayo?
Inyanga kaSaturn, iTitan , ingenye yezidalwa zasezulwini ezithakazelisa kakhulu ohlelweni lwethu lwelanga. Njengoba inobubanzi obungamakhilomitha angaba ngu-5.150, iTitan iyinyanga enkulu kunazo zonke kule planethi enezindandatho futhi inezici ezihlukile ezenza kube yindawo yokutadisha nokuhlola.
I-Titan inomoya ominyene owakhiwe ngokuyinhloko i-nitrogen, enemikhondo ye-methane ne-ethane. Lo mkhathi owugqinsi udala umphumela obamba ukushisa ogcina izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi lenyanga liba ngu-180 degrees Celsius. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Titan inamachibi nezilwandle ze-methane ewuketshezi endaweni yayo, okwenza kube ukuphela kwendikimba yasezulwini eyaziwayo ngaphandle koMhlaba ukuba noketshezi oluzinzile phezu kwayo.
Mayelana nokuzungeza kwayo, i-Titan iqeda ukuzungeza okugcwele okuzungeze iSaturn njalo ezinsukwini eziyi-16 Zomhlaba. I-orbit yayo eyi-elliptical ibangela ukuba isondele futhi ihlehle ukusuka eplanethini, okubangela amandla olwandle anomthelela ekusebenzeni kokuma komhlaba endaweni yayo.
Ukuzungezisa kwe-Titan kuvumelaniswa nokuzungeza kwayo okuzungeza iSaturn, okusho ukuthi ihlala ikhombisa ubuso obufanayo emhlabeni. Lokhu kudala umjikelezo omude kakhulu wezinsuku nobusuku, nosuku ku-Titan oluhlala cishe izinsuku eziyi-16 Zomhlaba.
Enezici eziningi eziyingqayizivele, i-Titan iphethe izimfihlo ososayensi abalangazelela ukuzidalula. Izifundo kanye nomsebenzi wasemkhathini kwembule ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nale nyanga ethakazelisayo ye-Saturn, futhi kusekuningi okumele kufundwe mayelana nalokho ekufihla olwandle lwayo lwe-methane kanye nomoya ongaqondakali.
Titan (satellite): izici, ukwakheka, i-orbit, ukunyakaza
I-Titan ingenye yezinyanga zikaSaturn futhi inkulu kunazo zonke. Ubuso bayo buyiqhwa, inkulu kuneMercury, futhi inomoya oqinile kunayo yonke inyanga ohlelweni lwelanga.
Uma useMhlabeni, iTitan ibonakala ngosizo lwezibonakude noma amateleskopu. KwakunguChristian Huygens (1629-1695), isazi sezinkanyezi saseDashi, owabona isathelayithi ngetheleskopu okokuqala ngo-1655. UHuygens akasibizanga ngokuthi iTitan, kodwa wasibiza ngokuthi iLuna Saturni , ngesiLatini okusho ukuthi "inyanga kaSaturn".
Igama elithi Titan, elisuselwa ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki, lahlongozwa uJohn Herschel (1792-1871), indodana kaWilliam Herschel, maphakathi nekhulu le-XNUMX. I-Titans yayingabafowabo bakaCronus, uyise wamaGreki, okulingana noSaturn kumaRoma.
Kokubili ukuthunyelwa komkhathi okwenziwa engxenyeni yokugcina yekhulu lama-20 kanye nokubonwa kwe-Hubble Space Telescope kukhulise kakhulu ulwazi ngale sathelayithi, yona ngokwayo ewumhlaba othakazelisayo.
Okokuqala, i-Titan ihlangabezana nezimo zezulu ezifana nalezo eziseMhlabeni, njengemimoya, ukuhwamuka, nemvula. Kodwa umehluko owodwa oyisisekelo: ku-Titan, i-methane idlala indima ebalulekile, njengoba le nto ikhona kokubili emkhathini nangaphezulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yokuthi i-axis yayo yokujikeleza itshekile, i-Titan ijabulela izinkathi zonyaka, nakuba ubude besikhathi buhlukile kuneboMhlaba.
Ngenxa yalokhu, futhi nangenxa yomkhathi wayo kanye nobukhulu obukhulu, i-Titan ngezinye izikhathi ichazwa njengeplanethi encane futhi ososayensi bagxile ekuyiqondeni kangcono, ukuthola ukuthi iyakubamba noma iyakwazi ukugcina ukuphila.
Izici ezijwayelekile
Usayizi
I-Titan iyisathelayithi yesibili ngobukhulu, ilandela ngemuva kwenyanga enkulukazi yeJupiter iGanymede. Inkulu kuneMercury ngosayizi, neplanethi encane enobubanzi obungu-4.879,4 km, uma iqhathaniswa ne-Titan engu-5.149,5 km.
Nokho, i-Titan inenani elikhulu leqhwa ekubunjweni kwayo. Ososayensi bakwazi lokhu ngokusebenzisa ukuminyana kwakho.
Ukuminyana
Ukuze ubale ukuminyana komzimba, udinga ukwazi ubukhulu bayo nevolumu. Ubuningi be-Titan bunganqunywa kusetshenziswa umthetho wesithathu ka-Kepler, kanye nedatha enikezwa yimishini yasemkhathini.
Ubuningi beTitan buvela bungu-1,9 g/cm³ , buphansi kakhulu kunobamaplanethi anamatshe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iTitan inengxenye enkulu yeqhwa – hhayi amanzi kuphela, iqhwa lingaba ngezinye izinto – ekwakhekeni kwalo.
I-Atmosfera
Isathelayithi inomoya ominyene, into eyivelakancane esimisweni sonozungezilanga. Lo mkhathi uqukethe i-methane, kodwa iningi lezingxenye zawo ziyi-nitrogen, njengoba kunjalo ngomkhathi woMhlaba.
Awekho amanzi kuwo, noma i-carbon dioxide, kodwa awekho amanye ama-hydrocarbon akhona, ngoba ukukhanya kwelanga kuhlangana ne-methane kubangele ezinye izinhlanganisela ezifana ne-acetylene ne-ethane.
Ayikho inkambu kazibuthe
Ngokuqondene ne-magnetism, i-Titan ayinayo insimu yayo kazibuthe. Ngenxa yokuthi isemaphethelweni amabhande emisebe ye-Saturn, izinhlayiya eziningi ezinamandla amakhulu zisafika endaweni ye-Titan futhi zihlukanise ama-molecule ayo.
Isihambi esicatshangelwayo esifika ku-Titan singahlangabezana nezinga lokushisa elingaphezulu elingu--179,5°C futhi mhlawumbe nomfutho womoya womkhathi ongakhululekile: ukucindezela okuphindwe kanye nengxenye kokucindezela eMhlabeni ezingeni lolwandle.
Imvula
Lina ku-Titan ngenxa yokuthi i-methane iyajiya emkhathini, nakuba le mvula ivame ukuhluleka ukufika phansi ngenxa yokuthi ingxenye ethile iyahwamuka ngaphambi kokuba ifike.
Isifinyezo sezici zomzimba eziyinhloko ze-Titan
Ukwakheka
Ososayensi bamaplanethi bacabanga ukuthi ukuminyana kwe-Titan, okucishe kuphindwe kabili kunamanzi, ukuthi isathelayithi iyidwala elinguhhafu neqhwa.
Amatshe aqukethe insimbi nama-silicates, kuyilapho iqhwa lingewona wonke amanzi, nakuba kunengxube yamanzi ne-ammonia ngaphansi koqweqwe oluqandisiwe. Kukhona umoya-mpilo ku-Titan, kodwa uboshelwe emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.
Ngaphakathi kwe-Titan, kanye naseMhlabeni nakwezinye izindikimba zesimiso sonozungezilanga, kunezinto ezinemisebe ezikhiqiza ukushisa njengoba zibola zibe ezinye izakhi.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi izinga lokushisa ku-Titan liseduze nendawo ephindwe kathathu ye-methane, okubonisa ukuthi le nhlanganisela ingaba khona njengento eqinile, uketshezi noma igesi, idlala indima efanayo namanzi emhlabeni.
Lokhu kuqinisekiswe i-Cassini probe, eyehlela endaweni yesathelayithi futhi yathola amasampula okuhwamuka kwale nhlanganisela. Iphinde yathola izifunda lapho amaza omsakazo ebonakala kancane, afana nendlela avela ngayo emachibini omhlaba nolwandle.
Lezi zindawo ezimnyama ezithombeni zomsakazo ziphakamisa ukuba khona kwemizimba ye-methane ewuketshezi, phakathi kuka-3 no-70 km ububanzi, nakuba obunye ubufakazi buyadingeka ukuze kusekelwe lokhu.
Umkhathi ku-Titan
Isazi sezinkanyezi saseDashi uGerard Kuiper (1905-1973) waqinisekisa ngo-1944 ukuthi i-Titan inomkhathi wayo, ngenxa yalokho isathelayithi inombala osawolintshi nonsuqu obonakala ezithombeni.
Kamuva, ngenxa yolwazi oluthunyelwe yimishini ye-Voyager ekuqaleni kwawo-80, kwatholakala ukuthi lesi sikhathi siminyene impela, nakuba sithola imisebe yelanga emincane ngenxa yebanga laso.
Iphinde ibe nongqimba lokunukubezeka komkhathi, okwenza kube buthuntu indawo engaphezulu futhi okukhona kuyo izinhlayiya ze-hydrocarbon ezimisiwe.
Emkhathini ongaphezulu we-Titan, imimoya efinyelela ku-400 km/h iyathuthuka, nakuba njengoba usondela phezulu, i-panorama iba nokuzola kancane.
Amagesi asemkhathini
Ngokuhlanganisa, amagesi asemoyeni ahlanganisa u-94% we-nitrogen no-1,6% we-methane. Izingxenye ezisele zingama-hydrocarbon. Lesi isici esihluke kakhulu, njengoba, ngaphandle komkhathi woMhlaba, asikho esinye isimiso sonozungezilanga esiqukethe i-nitrogen ngobuningi obunjalo.
I-Methane iyisi esibamba ukushisa lapho ukuba khona kwayo kuvimbela izinga lokushisa le-Titan ukuba lehle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, ungqimba olungaphandle, olwakhiwe ngamagesi ahlakazeke kakhulu, luyabonakalisa futhi lunciphisa umphumela we-greenhouse.
Amakhabhoni
Phakathi kwama-hydrocarbon abonwe ku-Titan, i-acrylonitrile iyamangalisa , enamazinga aphezulu afinyelela ku-2,8 izingxenye ngesigidi (ppm), atholakala ngamasu e-spectroscopic.
Kuyinhlanganisela esetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakhiweni kwamapulasitiki futhi, ngokusho kososayensi, iyakwazi ukwakha izakhiwo ezifana nolwelwesi lwamaseli.
Nakuba i-acrylonitrile yaqale yatholwa ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zomkhathi we-Titan, kunenkolelo yokuthi ingase ifinyelele phezulu, ifinyele ezingqimbeni ezingezansi zomkhathi bese iyana njengemvula.
Ngaphezu kwe-acrylonitrile, i-Titan iqukethe nama-tholins , amakhemikhali emvelo amangalisayo avela lapho ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet kuphula i-methane futhi kuhlukanise ama-molecule e-nitrogen.
Umphumela uba lezi zinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi okukholakala ukuthi zazikhona eMhlabeni wokuqala. Ziye zatholwa emazweni aneqhwa ngale kwebhande lasemkhathini, futhi abacwaningi bayakwazi ukuzikhiqiza elabhorethri.
Ukutholwa okunjalo kuyathakazelisa kakhulu, nakuba izimo zesathelayithi zingafanele ukuphila kwasemhlabeni, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu.
Ungayibona kanjani i-Titan
I-Titan ibonakala ukusuka eMhlabeni njengephuzu elincane lokukhanya elizungeze i-Saturn enkulu, kodwa usizo lwamathuluzi afana nama-binoculars noma ama-telescopes luyadingeka.
Noma kunjalo, akunakwenzeka ukubona imininingwane eminingi, ngoba i-Titan ayikhanyi ngokugqamile njengamasathelayithi aseGalile (ama-satellite amakhulu eJupiter).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubukhulu nokukhanya kweSaturn ngezinye izikhathi kungasitha ukuba khona kwesathelayithi, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukubheka izikhathi zebanga elikhulu phakathi kwazo ukuze uhlukanise isathelayithi.
I-Orbit
I-Titan ithatha cishe izinsuku eziyi-16 ukuzungeza iSaturn, futhi lokhu kuzungezisa kuvumelaniswa neplanethi, okusho ukuthi ihlala ikhombisa ubuso obufanayo.
Lesi simo sivame kakhulu phakathi kwamasathelayithi esimiso sonozungezilanga. INyanga yethu, ngokwesibonelo, nayo isekuzungezweni okuhambisanayo noMhlaba.
Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yamandla olwandle, angagcini nje ngokuphakamisa izixuku eziwuketshezi, okuwumphumela ophawuleka kakhulu eMhlabeni, kodwa futhi aphakamise uqweqwe nokuguqula amaplanethi namasathelayithi.
Amandla e-Tidal anciphisa isathelayithi kancane kancane kuze kube yilapho ijubane layo lokuzungeza lilingana nejubane layo lokuzungeza.
Ukunyakaza okujikelezayo
Ukuzungezisa okuvumelanayo kwe-Titan kusho ukuthi isikhathi sayo sokuzungeza eksisini yayo siyafana nesikhathi sayo sokuzungeza, okungukuthi, cishe izinsuku eziyi-16.
Kukhona izinkathi zonyaka ku-Titan ngenxa yokutsheka okungu-26° kwe-eksisi yayo ejikelezayo ehlobene ne-ecliptic. Kodwa ngokungafani noMhlaba, inkathi ngayinye yayizohlala cishe iminyaka engu-7,4.
Ngo-2006, i-Cassini probe yaletha izithombe ezibonisa imvula (i-methane) endaweni esenyakatho ye-Titan, umcimbi owawuzophawula ukuqala kwehlobo endaweni esenyakatho yesathelayithi, lapho kukholakala ukuthi akhona amachibi e-methane.
Izimvula zaziyokwenza amachibi akhule, kuyilapho lawo aseningizimu nenkabazwe ngokuqinisekile ayeyokoma ngesikhathi esifanayo.
I-Estrutura interna
Umdwebo olandelayo ubonisa isakhiwo sangaphakathi esinezingqimba ze-Titan, esakhiwe ngokuhlanganisa ubufakazi obuqoqwe ukubonwa komhlaba kanye nalokho okunikezwa yimishini ye-Voyager ne-Cassini:
-I-Nucleus eyakhiwe ngamanzi nama-silicates, nakuba kungenzeka ukuthi kube nomgogodla wangaphakathi wamadwala, ngokusekelwe kuma-silicates, nawo acatshangelwa.
-Izingqimba eziningana zeqhwa namanzi awuketshezi ane-ammonia
-Uqweqwe lweqhwa ngaphandle.
Umdwebo ubuye ubonise ungqimba oluminyene lomkhathi olumboze indawo engaphezulu, lapho ungqimba lwenhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo zohlobo lwe-tholin okukhulunywe ngalo ngenhla lugqama, futhi ekugcineni lube buthaka, ungqimba lwangaphandle lwentuthu.
i-geology
I-Cassini probe, eyahlala ku-Titan ngo-2005, yaphenya isathelayithi isebenzisa amakhamera e-infrared kanye ne-radar akwazi ukungena emkhathini ominyene. Izithombe zembula i-geology ehlukahlukene.
Nakuba i-Titan yakha kanye nezinye izinhlelo sonozungezilanga eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4,5 edlule, ubuso bayo buncane kakhulu, kulinganiselwa ukuthi buneminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyi-100 ubudala. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yomsebenzi obalulekile we-geological.
Izithombe zembula amagquma aneqhwa kanye nezindawo ezimnyama, ezinemibala eminingi.
Kunama-craters ambalwa, njengoba umsebenzi we-geological uwasula ngokushesha ngemva kokwakheka kwawo. Abanye ososayensi baye bathi indawo ye-Titan ifana nogwadule lwase-Arizona, nakuba iqhwa lithatha indawo yamadwala.
Kutholwe emaphethelweni eqhwa ayindilinga ebushelelezi endaweni okufikela kuyo uphenyi, njengokungathi uketshezi olwalolongwa kudala.
Kukhona namagquma agcwele imigudu eyehlela kancane ethafeni, namachibi e-methane achazwe ngenhla, kanye neziqhingi. Lawa machibi ayimizimba yokuqala ezinzile yoketshezi olutholakala noma kuphi ngaphandle koMhlaba ngokwawo, futhi atholakala eduze kwezigxobo.
Ukukhululeka ku-Titan ngokuvamile akubi kakhulu. Izintaba ezinde kakhulu zifinyelela cishe ikhilomitha elilodwa noma amabili ukuphakama, ngokusho kwedatha ye-altimetry.
Ngaphezu kwalezi zici, i-Titan inezindunduma ezibangelwa amagagasi, wona aphehla umoya onamandla endaweni yesathelayithi.
Eqinisweni, zonke lezi zenzakalo zenzeka eMhlabeni, kodwa ngendlela ehluke kakhulu, njengoba i-methane ithathe indawo yamanzi ku-Titan futhi ikude kakhulu neLanga.
Izinkomba
- Eales, S. 2009. Amaplanethi nezinhlelo zamaplanethi. Wiley-Blackwell.
- Kutner, M. 2003. Astronomy: A Physical Perspective. I-Cambridge University Press.
- I-NASA Astrobiology Institute. I-NASA ithola inyanga ye-Saturn inamakhemikhali angakha 'ama-membranes' Atholwe ku-: nai.nasa.gov.
- I-NASA Astrobiology Institute. Ayini amatholin emhlabeni? Ithathwe ku: planetary.org.
- I-Pasachoff, J. 2007. I-Cosmos: I-Astronomy ku-New Millennium. Uhlelo lwesithathu. Thomson-Brooks / Cole.
- Sementes, M. 2011. Isistimu yelanga. Uhlelo lwesikhombisa. Khulisa Ukufunda.
- Isayensi Nsuku Zonke. Ubufakazi bezinguquko zesizini, imvula endaweni esenyakatho yenyanga ye-Saturn i-Titan. Ithathwe ku: sciencedaily.com.
- I-Wikipedia. Titan (inyanga). Ithathwe ku: en.wikipedia.org.