I-Paleobotany isiyalo sesayensi esicwaninga izinsalela zezitshalo ukuze zakhe kabusha umlando wazo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye ne-ecology kuso sonke isikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba. Lo mkhakha wocwaningo uvumela abacwaningi ukuthi baqonde ukuthi izitshalo ziye zajwayela kanjani izinguquko zemvelo phakathi nezigidi zeminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Ucwaningo lwe-Paleobotany lubandakanya ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinsalela zezitshalo, njengempova, izinhlamvu, imbewu, amaqabunga, neziqu ze-fossilized. Kusetshenziswa amasu nezindlela ezehlukene ukufeza lokhu, okuhlanganisa i-optical and electron microscopy, ukuhlaziya amakhemikhali, ukujola kwe-carbon-14, nokunye.
Nge-paleobotany, abacwaningi bangakwazi ukwakha kabusha ukuvela kwezitshalo, baqonde ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi baphenye ubudlelwano phakathi kwezitshalo nendawo ezikuyo. Lezi zifundo zibalulekile ekuqondeni umlando wempilo yezitshalo eMhlabeni kanye nezinguquko zesimo sezulu nezemvelo ezenzeke phakathi nesikhathi sokwakheka komhlaba.
Amasu nezindlela zesayensi ku-paleontology: ziyini futhi zisetshenziswa kanjani?
I-Paleobotany igatsha le-paleontology elicwaninga izinsalela zezitshalo ze-fossil, okuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi bakhe kabusha umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo wezitshalo phakathi nesikhathi sokuma kwezwe. Kuze kube manje, kusetshenziswa amasu nezindlela zesayensi ezahlukahlukene ukusiza ukuqonda ukuhlukahluka kanye nokuvela kwezitshalo phakathi nezigidi zeminyaka.
Enye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu ku-paleobotany ukuhlaziya okuncane kakhulu kwamasampula enzika aqukethe izinsalela zezitshalo ze-fossil. Ngalokhu kuhlaziya, abacwaningi bangakwazi ukuhlonza izakhiwo ezifana nempova, izinhlamvu, nezicucu zezitshalo, ezinikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nezimila ezedlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-carbon-14 dating kanye nezinye izindlela zokuqomisana ze-geological zisetshenziswa ukunquma ubudala bezinsalela futhi kwakhiwe kabusha ukulandelana kwezikhathi kokuvela kwezitshalo.
Enye indlela ebalulekile ku-paleobotany i-paleoenvironmental reconstruction, ehlanganisa ukuhlaziya izimo zemvelo lapho izitshalo ze-fossil zazihlala khona. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlaziya ukwakheka kwezinsalela ze-isotopic, ezinganikeza ulwazi mayelana nesimo sezulu, izinga lokushisa, nomswakama wendawo ezungezile izitshalo ezikhule kuzo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziya i-morphology yezitshalo ze-fossil kuvumela abacwaningi ukuthi bafinyelele ulwazi mayelana nendawo yokuhlala nendlela yokuphila yalezi zitshalo.
Ngokuhlaziywa kwe-microscopic, dating geological, kanye nokwakhiwa kabusha kwe-paleoenvironmental, izazi ze-paleobotanists zingavula izimfihlo zesikhathi esidlule futhi zibe nengxenye olwazini lwethu lokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezitshalo.
Ucwaningo lwezitshalo ezishabalala kuwo wonke umlando: i-paleobotany kanye nokutholwa kwayo.
I-Paleobotany yisayensi efunda izitshalo eziye zaphela emlandweni, ngokuhlaziya izinsalela zezitshalo. Le ndawo yolwazi ivumela abacwaningi ukuthi baqonde kangcono ukuvela kwezitshalo kanye nendawo ezazihlala kuyo ngezikhathi ezahlukene ze-geology.
Izifundo ze -paleobotani ziyisisekelo sokwakha kabusha umlando wezitshalo zasemhlabeni, ukuhlonza izinguquko zesimo sezulu, imiphumela yokuqothulwa okukhulu kwezitshalo, kanye nokusiza ekulondolozweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zamanje. Ngokuhlaziya izinsalela zezitshalo, ama-paleobotanist angakwazi ukubona izinhlobo eziphelile, amaphethini okusatshalaliswa kwendawo, futhi aphethe ngisho nesimo sezulu kanye nendawo ababehlala kuyo.
Ukuze benze ucwaningo lwabo, izazi ze-paleobotanists zisebenzisa izindlela nezindlela ezihlukahlukene, njengokuqoqa izinsalela zamathambo emadwaleni, ukulungisa amasampula elabhorethri, nokuhlonza izinhlobo zezilwane ngokusebenzisa i-microscopy nokuhlaziya amakhemikhali, phakathi kokunye. Umsebenzi ocophelelayo odinga ulwazi lwemikhakha ehlukene, ehlanganisa i-geology, biology, kanye ne-paleontology.
Izinto ezitholwe yi- paleobotany zibalulekile ekuqondeni umlando wokuphila kwezitshalo emhlabeni, kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo kuze kube namuhla. Zisinika ukuqonda okubalulekile ngokuvela kwezitshalo, izinguquko zemvelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kanye nemiphumela engaba khona yemisebenzi yabantu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Isifundo se-paleontology: ukuthola nokwakha kabusha umlando wempilo eMhlabeni.
I-Paleobotany igatsha le-paleontology elizinikele ocwaningweni lwezinsalela zezitshalo, esivumela ukuthi sakhe kabusha umlando wezitshalo eMhlabeni. Ngokuhlaziya izinsalela zezitshalo, izazi ze-paleobotanists zingathola ukuthi izindawo ezidlule zazibukeka kanjani, zazikhona izinhlobo zezitshalo nokuthi zavela kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ucwaningo lwe-Paleobotany lubandakanya ukuqoqa izinsalela zezitshalo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, ukuhlonza izinhlobo ezikhona, ukuqokwa kwezinsalela, kanye nokwakha kabusha imvelo lezi zitshalo ezazihlala kuzo. Ukuze kuzuzwe lokhu, izazi ze-paleobotanists zisebenzisa izindlela nezindlela ezifana ne-micrscopy, i-carbon-14 dating, nokuhlaziya ukwakheka kwezitshalo ze-fossil.
Ngala mathuluzi, izazi ze-paleobotanists zingakha kabusha umlando wezitshalo eMhlabeni, kusukela ezintweni eziphilayo zokuqala ze-photosynthetic kuya ezitshalweni esizaziyo namuhla. Lokhu okutholakele kubalulekile hhayi kuphela ekuqondeni ukukhula kwezitshalo kodwa nasekuqondeni umlando weplanethi yethu nokuthi ushintshe kanjani ezigidini zeminyaka.
Izinyathelo ezibalulekile ezisetshenziswa ama-paleontologists ocwaningweni lwesayensi nasezifundweni.
I-Paleobotany igatsha le-paleontology elihlola izinsalela zezitshalo nolwelwe. Izazi zePaleontologists zisebenzisa uchungechunge lwezinyathelo ezibalulekile ocwaningweni lwazo nezifundo zesayensi ukuze ziqonde umlando wezitshalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Esinye sezinyathelo zokuqala ukuqoqa izinsalela zezitshalo ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene. Izazi ze-paleontologists zifuna izibonelo ezigcinwe kahle ekwakhekeni okuhlukahlukene kokuma komhlaba, zisebenzisa izindlela zokumba kanye nezindlela zokuhlonza izinsalela. Lezi zinsalela zibe sezihlelwa futhi zihlaziywe elabhorethri.
Ngemva kokuqoqwa, izazi ze-paleontologists zenza izifundo ze-anatomical kanye ne-morphological of the fossils. Babona izici zezitshalo ezakhiwe ngamathambo, njengokuma kweqabunga, uhlobo lwemikhumbi yokuqhuba, nokwakheka kwezitho zokuzala. Lokhu kuhlaziya kusiza ukwakha kabusha ukubukeka kanye nemvelo yezitshalo ezingasekho.
Ukwengeza, izazi ze-paleontology zisebenzisa amasu okujola ukuze zinqume iminyaka yezinsalela. Lokhu kuhilela ukuhlaziya izendlalelo ze-geological nokusebenzisa izindlela ezifana ne-radiocarbon dating kanye ne-isotope dating. Ngalolu lwazi, kungenzeka ukusungula ukulandelana kwezikhathi kokuvela kwezitshalo kuwo wonke umlando woMhlaba.
Okokugcina, izazi ze-paleontology zisebenzisa idatha evela emikhakheni eyahlukene, efana ne-geology, isayensi yezitshalo, nesayensi yesimo sezulu, ukuze zenze izinsalela zezitshalo zibe yingqikithi ngaphakathi komongo obanzi. Bafuna ukuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwezitshalo ze-fossil nendawo yazo, okunikela ekuqondeni okuphelele kokuvela kwezitshalo zomhlaba.
Lezi zinyathelo zibalulekile ekuqondeni umlando kanye nokuvela kwezitshalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Paleobotany: umlando, izifundo, izindlela, amasu
I-Paleobotany iyigatsha lesayensi yemvelo elinomthwalo wokufunda izinsalela zezitshalo ezazikhona ezikhathini ezidlule. Iyisifundo esabelwana phakathi kwe-paleontology ne-botany; ukubaluleka kwayo kulele kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni nasekuqondeni izimiso zemvelo kanye nesimo sezulu sesikhathi esidlule se-geological soMhlaba.
Le sayensi ihlola izinsalela zezitshalo kuwo womabili amazinga amakhulu nama-microscopic. Izinga le-macroscopic ligxile emaqabunga neziqu, kuyilapho izinga le-microscopic lihlaziya izakhi ezifana nempova nezinhlamvu.
umlando
Phakathi nekhulu le-1700, ngokunembile kakhulu ekuqaleni kwawo-XNUMX, kwase kunezincwadi ezazikhuluma ngokubaluleka nokucwaninga kwezinsalela zezitshalo, amadwala kanye nezinsalela.
Ngokusho kochwepheshe, kwakuyincwadi ethi Herbarium Diluvianum, ebhalwe yisazi semvelo saseSwitzerland uJohann Jakob Scheuchzer, eyaqoqa ulwazi oluningi kakhulu kanye nokusakazwa kabanzi kolwazi ngaleso sikhathi.
Umsebenzi kaScheuchzer wawuhlanganisa ukwaziswa okuningiliziwe nokuphelele ngezimila zaseYurophu. Imiphumela yocwaningo lwakhe emazweni anjengeJalimane, iNgilandi, neSwitzerland yayihlanganisa amagrafu ezitshalo ezisamathambo ezitholakala kulezo zifunda.
Isikhathi XIX
Kakade ngekhulu le-19, isithakazelo ekukhuleni kwezitshalo kanye ne-geology yakhula njengoba ezinye izifundo zesimanje zazisakhiwa. Kodwa kwaba kuphela eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yalesi sikhathi lapho Paleobotany yathola igama layo elisemthethweni futhi waqala ukuthathwa ngokungathi sína.
Lokhu kwakungenxa yezifundo kanye nokushicilelwa kuka-Johan Steinhauer ngo-1818, owaba usosayensi wokuqala ukusho izinto azitholile, ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba, kanye nezigaba zamagama. Lokhu kwaphawula inkathi yenguquko, njengoba kwakhuphula izinga locwaningo lwezitshalo zasendulo kwaba isayensi yeqiniso ngokwayo.
Ngokunjalo, umsebenzi ka-Ernst von Schlotheim, naye owayeyingqalabutho ekuqanjweni kwamagama okubili, waba nesandla ekuthuthukisweni kwalolu cwaningo, ngo-1820 kuphela.
Bekusagolide
Kamuva, phakathi nawo-1930, lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "inkathi yegolide" ye-Paleobotany yavela. Ngokuqubuka kweNguquko Yezimboni, kuzoba nentuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe kanye namakilasi amasha omphakathi anentshisekelo yesayensi nemfundo ephakeme.
Kungalesi sikhathi lapho kwavela khona izinkulungwane zezifundo kulo mkhakha, ziphelezelwa cishe ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwemifanekiso, futhi ngayo, kwavela umsebenzi womdwebi wezithombe kusayensi yemvelo.
Cishe eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, kwavela isazi sokuma komhlaba endaweni yesehlakalo futhi ngokungangabazeki saba negalelo elikhulu ku-paleobotany: usosayensi waseScotland uHugh Miller. Lo sosayensi ophawulekayo akazange nje avelele ngokuba neqoqo elikhulu lezitshalo, amadwala, nezilwane ezinsalela phansi aziqoqa, kodwa futhi nokuba umlobi ophumelelayo.
Indodana yomndeni wabathengisi basolwandle kanye nokaputeni bemikhumbi, uMiller wayengumfundi oshisekayo nomdwebi wezithombe owayehlanganisa amakhono akhe njengombhali wezincwadi nezipho zakhe njengomcwaningi wesayensi.
Izindlela namasu
Izinsalela eziningi (okuhlanganisa nezilwane) ngokuvamile zingcwatshwa esihlabathini noma ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zenhlabathi. Lokhu kungenzeka emithambekeni yezintaba, osebeni lwemifula, noma ogwadule, phakathi kwezinye izindawo.
Akubalulekile nje kuphela phakathi nenqubo yocwaningo lwefosili ukuthi iqoqo lakho lingalimazi isifanekiso, kodwa futhi ukuthi lingalondolozwa ukuze izifundo ezilandelayo zingakhiqizi imiphumela edidayo noma eyiphutha. Izinsalela zezinsalela ezingaphathwa kahle zingacekelwa phansi noma zilahlekelwe ulwazi olubalulekile.
Kungakho, lapho bethola izimpawu zezinto eziphilayo ezavubukulwa, ososayensi be-paleobotanical kufanele bagcine ucezu olutholakele bese beluhlola ngempumelelo.
Njengamanje, futhi ngenxa yentuthuko yesayensi ku-geology kanye ne-paleontology, singasho ukuthi okungenani kunezindlela eziyisithupha eziyinhloko zokuhlaziya izinsalela.
Ingxenye yomhlaba omncane
Isampula okumele ifundwe inqunywe izingcezu ezincane. Ingaphezulu lenye yalezi zingcezu lipholishwa kusetshenziswa ikhemikhali yokuhlanza. Isigaba esinqunyiwe sinamathiselwe nge-resin encibilikisiwe engilazini, futhi impahla eyengeziwe iyasuswa. Ingilazi enezinto zebhayoloji enamathiselwe isilungele ukubonwa nge-microscopic.
Indlela yokucwenga
Isinyathelo sokuqala sale nqubo ukunamathisela ingaphezulu lensalela kusetshenziswa ama-mineral acid, ngaphambi kwenqubo “yokuguga” engathatha amasonto ambalwa.
Isinyathelo esilandelayo nesokugcina ukugeza indawo engaphezulu ngamanzi, uyomise, bese uyigcoba nge-nitrocellulose. Le filimu iyoma futhi ingahlutshwa (noma ihlulwe) ukuze kuqhutshekwe nesifundo.
Indlela yokudlulisa
Le nqubo isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ezinsalela ezitholakala emadwaleni noma ezintweni eziqinile. Kuthelwa uketshezi olunamaqabunga phezu kwempahla, futhi uma lomile, ingxenye yedwala exhunywe emzimbeni iyasuswa.
Indlela yokuhlanza
Le ndlela ihlanganisa ukucwilisa izinto ezinsalela phansi isonto lonke esixazululweni esikhethekile samanzi. Ngemuva kwalesi sikhathi, into ihlanzwa ngamanzi ukuze isuse noma iyiphi i-asidi engalimaza isakhiwo sayo, futhi ilungele ukutadisha.
Indlela ye-X-ray
Ngaphansi kwale ndlela, njengoba negama liphakamisa, izinsalela okufanele zihlaziywe zingaphansi kokuvela okufana nama-radiographs. Lokhu kufezwa kusetshenziswa imishini ye-X-ray enikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nesakhiwo socezu.
Indlela ye-Microtomy
Le nqubo isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ezicutshini eziye zabhekana nenqubo ye-maceration. Uma lokhu sekwenziwe, lezi zingxenye zempahla zishunyekwa ku-wax ekhethekile ethi, uma isiqinile, isikwe "izingcezu" ezincane nge-microtome.
Lona umshini okhethekile oklanyelwe ngokukhethekile ukusika zonke izinhlobo zezinto zokwakha ukuze ufundwe ososayensi ngesibonakhulu.
Izinkomba
- Ingxoxo Yebhayoloji (n.d.). I-Paleobotany: Umqondo, Ubuchule, kanye Nezitshalo Zezitshalo Ezibalulekile. Kubuyiswe ku-biologydiscussion.com
- Ingxoxo Yebhayoloji (n.d.). Ukutadisha izinsalela elabhorethri, paleobotany. Kubuyiswe ku-biologydiscussion.com
- González-Akre, E. (sf). I-Paleobotany: Izitshalo zesikhathi esidlule se-geological. (PDF)
- Vergel, M., Durango de Cabrera, J., & Herbst, R. (2008). Umlando omfushane we-paleobotany kanye ne-palynology enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Argentina. (PDF)
- Chesnutt, B. (n.d.). Iyini i-Paleobotany? – Incazelo Nokubaluleka. Kubuyiswe ku-study.com