Umlando weVeracruz, isifunda esisempumalanga yeMexico, usukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi kuya ezikhathini zanamuhla. Ngaphambi kokufika kwamaSpanishi, le ndawo yayihlalwa abantu bomdabu abahlukahlukene, njengamaTotonac, amaHuastec, nama-Olmec. Ngokufika kwamakoloni aseYurophu, iVeracruz yaba indawo ebalulekile yokungena ekunqobeni iMexico. Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, lesi sifunda sibe nezinguquko ezimbalwa kwezenhlalo, ezombusazwe, nezomnotho, saba yichweba elibalulekile nesikhungo sezokuvakasha. Umlando kaVeracruz uphawuleka ngokuhlukahluka kwamasiko okucebile kanye nomthelela wempucuko eyahlukene ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
I-Mexican landscape ngaphambi kwenkululeko: umphakathi wangaphambi kweColumbian kanye nekoloniyali, umnotho namasiko.
Isifunda saseVeracruz, esisempumalanga yeMexico, sinomlando ocebile osukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi. Ngaphambi kokufika kwamaSpanishi, le ndawo yayihlalwa amasiko abomdabu ahlukahlukene, njengamaTotonacas, amaHuastec, nama-Olmec. Umphakathi yahlelwa ngokohlelo, inabathile ababusayo, abapristi, amaqhawe kanye nabalimi.
Umnotho Le miphakathi yayisekelwe ngokuyinhloko kwezolimo, kugcizelelwa ukutshalwa kommbila, ubhontshisi, ukwatapheya, nokhokho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhweba kwakuwumsebenzi obalulekile, nezindlela zokuhweba ezixhuma iVeracruz kwezinye izifunda zaseMexico naseMesoamerica.
Isiko I-Pre-Columbian Veracruz yayicebile futhi ihlukahlukene, igcizelela izinto zobumba, izithombe eziqoshiwe zamatshe, nobuciko bezimpaphe. Amasiko enkolo nawo adlala indima ebalulekile ezimpilweni zalezi zimpucuko, ngemikhuba efana nemihlatshelo yabantu kanye nokukhulekelwa konkulunkulu abafana noQuetzalcoatl noTlaloc.
Ngokufika kwamaSpanishi ekhulwini le-16, umlando kaVeracruz washintsha. Ikoloni yaseSpain yafika nayo izinguquko ezijulile emphakathini wesifunda, umnotho, namasiko. Uhlelo lwe-encomienda lwasungulwa, okwaholela ekuxhashazweni kwabantu bomdabu kanye nokugxilwa komhlaba ezandleni zamakoloni.
Naphezu kokumelana kwabantu bomdabu, ukubusa kwamakoloni eSpain kwashiya amamaki ajulile eVeracruz, asazwakala nanamuhla. Ukuhlanganiswa kwamasiko okwaba umphumela kube nomthelela ekwakhekeni kobunikazi bombuso, okuphawulwa ukwehlukahlukana kanye ingcebo yamasiko.
Kafushane, umlando we-Veracruz, kusukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kwe-Hispanic kuya ezikhathini zanamuhla, ubonisa inkimbinkimbi nokuhlukahluka kweMexico iyonke. Umphakathi wakulesi sifunda, umnotho, namasiko akhelwe wukusebenzelana kwamakhulu eminyaka phakathi kwabantu namasiko ahlukene, okushiya ifa elifanele ukubhekwa futhi laziswa.
Thola incazelo nomlando ngemuva kweVeracruz, Mexico.
I-Veracruz, idolobha elisogwini olusempumalanga yeMexico, inomlando ocebile osukela ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi. Igama elithi Veracruz livela kwelesiSpanishi elithi "Vera Cruz," okusho ukuthi "Isiphambano Seqiniso." Idolobha lasungulwa nguHernán Cortés ngo-1519, ngesikhathi sokunqoba iMexico iSpain.
Ngaphambi kokufika kwamaSpanishi, isifunda saseVeracruz sasihlalwa amasiko endabuko ahlukahlukene, njengamaTotonacas namaHuastec. Lezi zimpucuko zishiye ifa elibalulekile lamasiko, okuhlanganisa nephiramidi ye-El Tajín, indawo ebalulekile yemivubukulo etholakala esifundeni.
Ngokufika kwamaSpanishi, iVeracruz yaba ichweba elibalulekile nendawo yokungena yohwebo phakathi kweMelika neSpain. Leli dolobha laliyinkundla yezehlakalo ezimbalwa zomlando, njengeMpi yaseVeracruz ngo-1838 phakathi neMpi Mexican-American.
Namuhla, iVeracruz iyidolobha elinempilo elaziwa ngamasiko alo anothile namasiko. Leli dolobha lidume ngeCarnival yalo, enye yezindala nezidlabha kakhulu eMexico. I-Veracruz yaziwa futhi ngokudla kwayo okuyingqayizivele, okuhlanganisa amathonya abomdabu, iSpanishi, kanye nama-Afrika.
Kafushane, iVeracruz iyidolobha elinomlando othokozisayo, ohlanganisa amathonya abomdabu, iSpanishi, kanye nama-Afrika. Amagugu ayo acebile amasiko kanye nendawo enamasu kuyenze yaba isikhungo esibalulekile sezentengiselwano namasiko phakathi namakhulu eminyaka.
Wawumuphi unyaka idolobha laseVera Cruz elasungulwa ngalo?
Idolobha laseVera Cruz lasungulwa ngo-1519, ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamakoloni eSpain emazweni aseMelika. Ngaphambi kokufika kwamaSpanishi, isifunda lapho uVera Cruz ekhona sasihlalwa abantu bomdabu. AmaMesoamericans njengawe i-toltec kanye ne- Ama-Aztec. Lezi zimpucuko zashiya umkhondo wokuba khona kwazo ngendlela yezinto zakudala zemivubukulo ezitholakala esifundeni.
Ngokufika kwamaSpanishi, idolobha laseVera Cruz laba ichweba elibalulekile lokuhweba nendawo yokusuka ohambweni oluningi oluya maphakathi nezwekazi. Eminyakeni yokuqala yekoloni, leli dolobha laliyindawo yezingxabano ezinkulu phakathi kwabanqobi kanye nabantu bomdabu bendawo, okwaholela ezimpini eziningi nezingxabano zendawo.
Emakhulwini eminyaka edlule, uVera Cruz wenza izinguquko ezimbalwa futhi waba isikhungo esibalulekile sasemadolobheni esifundeni, esinomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwezomnotho namasiko eMexico. Namuhla, leli dolobha laziwa ngomlando walo ocebile kanye namagugu ezakhiwo, okubonisa ithonya lamasiko ahlukene adlule kuwo eminyakeni edlule.
Unesikhathi esingakanani u-Vera Cruz ekhona?
Umlando kaVera Cruz uhlehlela emuva ezikhathini zangaphambi kweSpanishi, nobufakazi bokuhlaliswa kwabantu esifundeni kusukela ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka. Abantu bomdabu ababehlala esifundeni ngaphambi kokufika kwamaSpanishi babaziwa ngesiko labo elicebile kanye nentuthuko yezenhlalakahle.
Kusukela kwafika abanqobi baseSpain ngekhulu le-16, uVera Cruz uye wenza izinguquko ezimbalwa, waba ikoloni elibalulekile ngesikhathi sobukoloni. Ngalesi sikhathi, lesi sifunda sasinezimpi ezishubile kanye nokulwela isikhundla.
Lapho iMexico ithola inkululeko ngo-1821, uVera Cruz waba yingxenye yezwe elalisanda kwakhiwa, waba neqhaza elikhulu ekwakhiweni kobunikazi balo bukazwelonke. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, lesi sifunda saqhubeka sithuthuka, saba isikhungo esibalulekile samasiko, ezomnotho, nezombusazwe zezwe.
Namuhla, iVera Cruz yaziwa ngomlando wayo ocebile nokuhlukahluka kwamasiko, iheha izivakashi ezivela emhlabeni wonke. Idolobha laseVera Cruz lisalokhu liyingqophamlando ebalulekile emlandweni waseMexico, ligcina amasiko alo futhi ligubha amagugu alo omdabu.
Umlando we-Veracruz (inkathi yangaphambi kwe-Hispanic)
A umlando we-Veracruz , njengayo yonke iMexico, ingachazwa ngezigaba ezintathu: inkathi yangaphambi kweSpanishi, ukunqotshwa, kanye neMexico ezimele. Iminikelo yezibalo zayo zomlando yayibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kweMexico, futhi amagugu ayo amasiko nemvelo ayingxenye ebalulekile yobunikazi baseMexico.
I-Veracruz ingenye yezifunda ezingu-31 ezithi, kanye ne-Federal District, zakha insimu yaseMexico. Ibekwe ngokwendawo phakathi kwemaphakathi neningizimu-mpumalanga yeMexico; lonke ugu lwayo lusemngceleni weGulf of Mexico. Isifunda saseVeracruz simelela ingxenye ebalulekile yomlando waseMexico.
Lesi sifunda sasiyisango lezifiki zaseSpain futhi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ichweba laso - elikhulu kunawo wonke eMexico - bekungenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuxhumana nomhlaba, kungaba ezohwebo noma abokufika.
Ngenxa yokwakheka kwaso okude, isifunda saseVeracruz sihlanganisa izindawo ezimbalwa ezimele ukunotha kwezindawo, ukuhlalisana kwabantu, kanye namasiko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla echweba lawo kwezohwebo nezokuxhumana ahlala eyigcina njengendawo ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezwe.
Kuwo wonke umlando wayo, indawo yaseVeracruz ibiyikhaya lamaqhawe namavukelambuso aqhutshwa umuzwa wesithunzi nobukhosi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuyindlela yokubalekela ijoka leminye imibuso, ukuhlasela kwamanye amazwe, noma ukungenelela kwezempi, izakhamuzi zaseVeracruz ziye zabonisa ngokomlando amandla azo okuzivikela.
I-Pre-Hispanic Era
Indawo ethize yesifunda saseVeracruz, efana nomdweshu omude futhi ethatha ngaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu yogu olusempumalanga yeMexico, yayinengxenye enkulu yezakhamuzi ngezikhathi zangaphambi kwe-Columbian; enyakatho, amaHuasteco ahlala, amaTotonac phakathi nendawo nama-Olmec eningizimu.
Olmec
Ama-Olmec afika eVeracruz phakathi kuka-1000 no-300 BC, yingakho izazi ze-anthropologists zibheka isiko lama-Olmec njengesiko lomama laseMesoamerica; ingenye yezindala neziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Leli dolobha laziwa ngamakhono alo okuqopha: imifanekiso yalo emikhulukazi enesisindo esingamathani angama-40.
Ama-Huastecs
Abantu baseHuasteco bona, basakazekela ezifundazweni zaseSan Luis Potosí naseHidalgo futhi babeyiqembu elingalodwa. Babekhuluma okuhlukile kolimi lwesiMayan futhi banqotshwa uMbuso Wama-Aztec. Baphoqeleka ukuthi banikele, bakwenza ngokuqoqa ukotini noboya.
i-totonacas
AmaTotonaca ayeyiqembu lesizwe elibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwale ndawo. Baqeqeshelwa ukulwa futhi babonisa amandla ezolimo, umsebenzi wabo oyinhloko wezomnotho. Babenesibalo sabantu abangu-250.000, ikakhulukazi eduze nesifunda saseVeracruz. Inhloko-dolobha yabo kwakuyidolobha laseCempoala.
Ngo-1480, amaTotonac anqotshwa ama-Aztec futhi aba ingxenye yombuso wawo. Ngakho-ke, lapho uHernán Cortés efika eVeracruz futhi ehlangana namaTotonac, anikela ngomfelandawonye futhi anikeza amaqhawe angu-50.000 XNUMX ukuba alwe nama-Aztec.
Ukufika kweCortés
UHernán Cortés, esekelwa amabutho akhe aseSpain, amahhashi angu-16 namandla ezempi amaTotonacas, wathatha ukulawula izindawo ezazinqotshwe ama-Aztec ngaphansi kwemiyalo yoMbusi uMoctezuma.
Ngokubuyisela, ngoJuni 1519, amaTotonac asiza uhambo lwaseSpain lwathola i-Villa Bonita de la Vera Cruz, lapho ichweba laseVeracruz likhona namuhla; leli kungaba idolobha lokuqala elasungulwa abaseSpain eNyakatho Melika.
Ukunqotshwa kanye nokuqala kweMexico ezimele
Ngokuhlanganiswa kwekoloni laseSpain eMexico, njengoba iTenochtitlan yasendulo yaba yiNew Spain, ichweba laseVeracruz lahlala liyisango lezwe eliya kwamanye amazwe. Kwafika imikhumbi yaseYurophu nemithwalo yezigqila zase-Afrika.
Kwakungo-1822 lapho, ngemva kokulwela inkululeko isikhathi eside, u-Agustín de Iturbide wabizwa ngokuthi uMbusi waseMexico. Nokho, wabhekana nokuphikiswa okunamandla okuholwa ngu-Antonio López de Santa Anna waseVeracruz. USanta Anna wayefuna ukusungula i-republic futhi wasebenza njengomongameli waseMexico iminyaka eyisishiyagalolunye.
Kulesi sigaba soguquko ezweni, iVeracruz izoba yindawo yezingxabano ezibalulekile; Ngo-1838, imikhumbi yaseFrance yavala ichweba laseVeracruz ngenxa yempi phakathi kweFrance neMexico, ebizwa ngokuthi iBolo War.
Ngesikhathi sokungenelela kwe-United States eMexico, amasosha ase-US ayeseVeracruz njengendawo yamasu; eduze nalesi sikhathi, uMbusi uNapoleon III wayefuna ukunqoba indawo yaseMexico futhi wathatha iVeracruz iminyaka eminingana, esebenzisa amandla asolwandle aseFrance.
Isimanjemanje kanye ne-Contemporary Veracruz
Ngemva kokusungula i-republic, yaba nezinguquko ezintsha kanye nesikhathi esihamba kancane kodwa esiqinile sokwenziwa kwesimanjemanje, i-Mexico yazuza amandla engqalasizinda ngokwakhiwa kwemizila yezitimela kanye nokuvulwa kwamachweba nemigwaqo phakathi namashumi eminyaka okuqala awo-1900.
Kwakusengxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-1938 lapho iVeracruz yenza enye yezinguquko zayo ezibaluleke kakhulu: inyakatho yezwe yayinezindawo zokuhlala zikawoyela kwathi ngo-XNUMX uLázaro Cárdenas - owayengumongameli waseMexico ngaleso sikhathi - walawula ukudliwa kukawoyela.
Ngamanye amazwi, uwoyela usuzohlolwa nguHulumeni nge-PEMEX (Petróleos Mexicanos).
Ngezinguquko zezolimo ezizuzwe ngeNguquko yaseMexico, omunye wemisebenzi eyinhloko yombuso wathandwa: ezolimo. Namuhla, lesi sifunda, esithandwa isimo sezulu esishisayo, sithengisa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke ngekhofi, i-vanilla, umoba nogwayi, phakathi kweminye imikhiqizo eminingi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iVeracruz inikela ngengcebo yayo yemvelo enkulu emnothweni wezwe. Ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kakhulu kokuma kwezwe, indawo yayo inesimo sezulu esihlukahlukene, lapho ugu luyashisa futhi izindawo eziphakeme ziziqhayisa ngezintaba ezimbozwe yiqhwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifa layo elicebile lomlando kanye namagugu amasiko amakhulu kuyenza ibe ngenye yezindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuvakasha zaseMexico.
Ngezindawo zezivakashi eziyigugu, izinsalela zemivubukulo - enye yazo iqoke iNdawo Yamagugu Omhlaba ye-UNESCO - kanye nechweba elingokomlando elavula iMexico emhlabeni iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-400, isimo saseVeracruz sihlala siyisisekelo sentuthuko nokuxhumana, lapho isimanjemanje sihlala ngokuzwana nesiko lasendulo.
Izinkomba
- I-Encyclopaedia Britannica (sf) Veracruz. I-Ecyclopaedia Britannica. Kubuyiswe ku-Britannica.com
- I-Lonely Planet (sf) i-Veracruz: Umlando. Siyakwamukela edolobheni laseVeracruz. Kutholwe ku-Lonelyplanet.com
- Schmal, J.P. (n.d.) Umlando we-Veracruz. Umlando waseMexico Utholwe kwa-Houstonculture.org
- Szalay, J. (2017) Hernán Cortés: Umnqobi wama-Aztec. Isayensi Ebukhoma Itholwe kwa-Livescience.com
- Vakashela i-Mexico (sf) Funda ngomlando we-Veracruz. Vakashela i-Mexico Kutholwe ku-Visitmexico.com