"I-Society of the Spectacle," eyabhalwa u-Guy Debord ngo-1967, iwumfanekiso ojulile ngomphakathi wangaleso sikhathi kanye nobudlelwano bawo nabezindaba, isiko labantu abaningi, kanye nokuhlukaniswa nomphakathi. Kulo mbhalo, u-Debord uhlaziya indlela abezindaba kanye nesiko labathengi eliguqule ubudlelwano babantu baba umbukwane, lapho isithombe nokubukeka kubaluleka kakhulu kunokubaluleka. Kulo mongo wangemva kwesimanje, umphakathi uya ngokuya uhlukanisiwe futhi uqhelelene neqiniso, uhlala ezweni le-simulacra kanye nenkohliso. Kulo mfanekiso, u-Debord usimema ukuthi sicabange kabusha izindinganiso nezenzo zethu, sibuze indima yombukwane ekwakheni ubuthina bethu nasekulolongeni ukwazi kwethu okubucayi.
Ukuhlaziywa kukaGuy Debord komphakathi wanamuhla kanye nobudlelwano bawo nombukwane.
Ukuhlaziya kuka-Guy Debord komphakathi wangaleso sikhathi kanye nobudlelwano bawo nombukwane kuwukubonakaliswa okujulile kwezinqubo zokuhlukanisa nokukhohlisa ezikhona emphakathini wethu. Encwadini yakhe ethi "The Society of the Spectacle," uDebord ugxeka indlela capitalism eguqule ngayo yonke ubudlelwane babantu. okuthengiswayo futhi kanjani abezindaba kanye ukukhangisa zisetshenziselwa ukugcina abantu behlukanisiwe futhi bezithoba.
Ngokusho kukaDebord, lo mbukiso uwuhlobo oluvelele lwenhlangano emphakathini wanamuhla, lapho isithombe kanye ukubukeka zibaluleke kakhulu kuneqiniso uqobo. Abantu bahlale beshaywa kuvat e ulwazi ezilolonga imibono nokuziphatha kwabo, zibenze bangenzi lutho futhi babe abathengi.
Ku-Debord, umphakathi wombukwane ngumphakathi we imibukiso e ukulingiswa, lapho ubudlelwano bomphakathi bulamulelwa khona ukumelwa futhi commodificationAbantu bakhuthazwa ukuba bafune injabulo nokwaneliseka komuntu siqu ngokusebenzisa imikhiqizo kanye nolwazi oluthengiswayo njengezixazululo zezinkinga zabo.
Ngamafuphi, ukuhlaziya kukaGuy Debord umphakathi wangaleso sikhathi kusimema ukuba sibuze imibuzo izakhiwo kwamandla kanye ne imibono ezigcina umbukwane, kanye nokufuna izindlela zokumelana nokucekela phansi lesi simiso sokuhlukaniswa nokukhwabanisa.
Ukuqonda okuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila emphakathini ophawuleka ngokuzijabulisa okuqhubekayo.
Umphakathi wesimanje ugxile esimweni se constante ukuzijabulisa, lapho ukucinga ukuphazamiseka e ubumnandi isibe yinto eza kuqala kubantu abaningi. Kulo mongo, emva kwesimanje iziveza njengesikhathi somlando lapho isiko lombukwane lizuza ukubaluleka okukhulu.
Isazi sefilosofi esingumFulentshi uGuy Debord, encwadini yaso ethi “The Society of the Spectacle”, usimema ukuba sicabange ngendlela isithombe futhi i ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo amasiko silolonge indlela yethu yokubona umhlaba. Ku-Debord, siphila emphakathini lapho ubudlelwano bomphakathi bulamulelwa khona ukumelwa kanye noboya umbukiso, ukudala iqiniso ngokuyisisekelo nokwehlukanisa.
Kulo mongo, okuhlangenwe nakho kokuphila emphakathini ophawuleka ngokuzijabulisa okuqhubekayo kusinikeza izinselele nemibuzo. ukwenza izinto ezincane da ukuphila kanye ukwanda do ukusetshenziswa siqhelelane nengqikithi yomuntu, sisenze nje ababukeli izikweletu zomhlaba oxhumene kakhulu futhi ngokuyisisekelo.
Uma kubhekwa lokhu, kubalulekile ukuthi sicabange ngomthelela wombukiso ezimpilweni zethu futhi sibheke izindlela zokuhlenga ubuqiniso kanye ingqikithi womuntu. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho sizokwazi ukugqashula izibopho zesiko lokubukana futhi siphinde sibuyise eyethu inkululeko e ukuzimela ebusweni bomphakathi ohlale usimema ukuthi sizihlukanise nathi.
Izici eziyinhloko zomphakathi wombukwane: funda mayelana nezici eziyinhloko zethiyori.
Umphakathi wombukwane, owaqanjwa nguGuy Debord ngeminyaka yawo-1960, umqondo ochaza ukuthi ubudlelwano bomphakathi buqondiswa kanjani yizithombe. Kulo mphakathi, izinto ezithengiswayo ziba uhlobo oluyinhloko lokusebenzelana phakathi kwabantu, okwenza kube ngokoqobo lapho ukumelwa kubaluleke kakhulu kunokungokoqobo ngokwako.
Enye ye izici eziyinhloko Isici esiphawulekayo somphakathi wombukwane wubukhazikhazi bempilo yansuku zonke, lapho okuhlangenwe nakho kuguqulwa kube yimpahla okufanele idliwe. Lokhu kuholela ekuhlukaniseni komuntu ngamunye, oqala ukuhlobana nezwe ngezithombe ezenziwe ngaphambilini kunokuhlangenwe nakho okuyiqiniso.
Esinye isici esibalulekile yi- i-hyperconnection okuhlinzekwa abezindaba nobuchwepheshe, okudala umuzwa wokusebenzelana okungaguquki kodwa, empeleni, kuqinisa kuphela ubudlelwano obukha phezulu. Inkundla yezokuxhumana, isibonelo, iwukubonakaliswa kwalo mphakathi wombukwane, lapho isithombe umuntu asiqambayo sibaluleke kakhulu kunengqikithi yomuntu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphakathi we-spectacle ukhuthaza a ukukhathazeka ngokusetshenziswa, lapho injabulo ihlobene nokuba nezinto ezibonakalayo nokuphishekela njalo okuhlangenwe nakho okusha. Lokhu kudala umjikelezo wokunganeliseki unomphela, njengoba ukwaneliseka kwesikhashana okunikezwa ukusetshenziswa kudlula ngokushesha futhi ngokushesha kuthathela indawo isifiso esisha.
Ngamafuphi, umphakathi wombukwane uwukubonakaliswa kwe-postmodernity, lapho isithombe nokumelela kuthatha isikhungo sobudlelwane bomphakathi. KuDebord, leli qiniso liyahlukanisa futhi livimbela abantu ukuthi baphile ngobuqotho nangokugcwele. Kubalulekile ukuzindla ngalezi zindaba futhi ufune indlela yokumelana nokuyengwa kombukwane, ukufuna impilo eyiqiniso nenenjongo.
Ingqikithi yomcabango kaGuy Debord: ukugxeka komphakathi wombukwane.
Umphakathi wombukwane, umqondo owathuthukiswa isazi sefilosofi nesishoshovu esingumFulentshi u-Guy Debord, uwukugxeka okuhlabayo kwendlela umphakathi wesimanje owakheke ngayo ezizungeze umbukwane wempilo. Ku-Debord, siphila ezweni lapho ubudlelwano bomphakathi bulamula futhi bulolongwa umqondo wombukwane, lapho isithombe nokumelwa kuba okubaluleke kakhulu kuneqiniso uqobo.
NgokukaDebord, umphakathi wombukwane ubonakala ngokuzihlukanisa nokuhlukanisa, lapho abantu behlala behlaselwe izithombe nemiyalezo ebaqhelelanisa nabo kanye nabanye. Kulo mongo, ukuphishekela ukuzanelisa ngokushesha kanye nokuvelela kobudlelwane babantu kubaluleka kakhulu ngaphezu kokuzindla okubucayi kanye nokuzimela komuntu ngamunye.
Ku-Debord, lo mbukiso awugcini nje endaweni yesiko nokuzijabulisa, kodwa ungena kuyo yonke imikhakha yempilo yezenhlalo, okuhlanganisa ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, nobudlelwano bomuntu siqu. Ingqondo yombukwane iguqula yonke into ibe yimpahla, inciphisa okuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu kube yizibuko nje okufanele zidliwe futhi zilahlwe.
Ngamafuphi, ukugxeka kukaGuy Debord umphakathi wombukwane kukhomba isidingo sokunqoba ukuhlukaniswa nokubheka phezulu okubonisa impilo yesimanje. Kufanele sibuyise ikhono lokucabanga ngokuhlolisisa nangokuzimele, ngale kwezithombe nokumelwa okubekwe phezu kwethu. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho singakwazi khona ukwakha umphakathi onobulungiswa nobuntu, lapho ubudlelwano babantu bungalamulwa ngombukwane kodwa ngobuqiniso nobumbano.
Umphakathi we-spectacle: ukubonakaliswa kwe-postmodernity
okwamanje , siphila ezikhathini ezineziyaluyalu emphakathini, kwezombusazwe nakwezomnotho . Kucatshangwa ukuthi ingxenye yenkinga yezimali yomhlaba wonke ebisithinta iminyaka eyishumi manje, kodwa futhi ikhomba esinye isizathu, esingokwengqondo kakhulu noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, ezengqondo. Ukuntula ukuqonda ngomphakathi esiyikho kanye nalokho esifuna ukuba yikho. “Inhlekelele yezindinganiso,” kusho izazi zefilosofi nezazi zezokuhlalisana kwabantu emhlabeni wonke. Umsebenzi wezomnotho ezikhathini ezimnandi ubungaba yinsambatheka yalokho ebesicabanga ukuthi kufanele ube yikho, futhi manje kumane nje kuyiwabo nje. Kitsch izinsalela.
Umqondo womphakathi wombukwane ubulokhu ugujwa iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili njengoba yaqanjwa umbhali ongumFulentshi, umcabango, nesazi sefilosofi uGuy Ernest Debord (1931-1994). Lo mbhali wabhala incwadi enamakhasi angaphansi kuka-200 ukuchaza lokho akubona njengokukhohlisa okusha kwekhulu lama-XNUMX. Uqhathanise imodeli yomphakathi yonxiwankulu abasafufusa nalokho okwaba yinkolo esikhathini esidlule: ukulawula nje abantu ngokwakha iqiniso eliyinganekwane elingakaze libe khona, njengokusebenzisa abathengi.
- Ungase ube nentshisekelo kokuthi: "Iyini i-psychology yezepolitiki?"
Uyini umphakathi wombukiso?
Umqondo wokuveza umphakathi uvela kumcabango wesimo seminyaka yawo-1950. U-Guy Debord wathonywa i-cinema yesimanje, ababhali bezingoma base-Europe, kanye nomcabango we-Marxist onamandla kakhulu kanye ne-anarchist. Ngakho, I-International Lyricist Foi yasungulwa ngo-1952 , umagazini obucayi onomfuziselo wasemadolobheni owakhiwa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe.
Eminyakeni eyishumi nje kamuva, ngo-1957, kwasungulwa iSituationist International (SI), inhlangano yongqondongqondo benguquko namaciko babemelene ne-capitalism eyayisetshenziswa emphakathini waseYurophu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakuwumbhikisho oshubile omelene nomphakathi wezigaba kanye nesiko lempucuko yaseNtshonalanga esekelwe ekubuseni konxiwankulu. Le nhlangano yagqugquzelwa imibono ekude kwesokunxele yababhali abafana noGeorg Lukács noRosa Luxembourg.
Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, umsunguli weqembu le-Situationist, eqoqe ulwazi olwanele kanye nokubona okuvela ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, wabhala umsebenzi wakhe odume kakhulu: Inhlangano Yombukiso (1967). Le ncwadi yayiyi-thesis ehlakaniphile yenkulumompikiswano ebucayi ephikisana nomphakathi wesimanje wonxiwankulu, kanye nomthelela wayo ekwazisweni kwabantu. “Yonke into ebiphilwa ngqo manje isihlehliselwe ukusebenza,” kusho umbhali walo msebenzi.
Amanani omphakathi we-postmodern
I-Situationists yangaleso sikhathi yenza igalelo elikhulu ekuvukeleni kwamasiko nobuhlakani emhlabeni wonke, kusukela eNtshonalanga kuya eMpumalanga, benaka ngokukhethekile intwasahlobo ka-1968 (Prague Spring), bephikisana nokumelana okukhulu nezindinganiso ezigxiliswe emiphakathini yesimanje: ubunxiwankulu, ukusetshenziswa, isithombe, isimo, ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo. Inhloso kwakuwukuhlukana nalezi zindinganiso ezinqunywe kusengaphambili nezokwenziwa ukwakha imodeli emsulwa, ezwela kakhulu futhi enobuntu.
Ku-Guy Debord, imodeli yokukhiqiza yonxiwankulu ethuthukisiwe iphawule indlela yethu yokuphila, indlela yethu yokuxhumana nabanye kanye amanani atholiwe ngokusekelwe ohlelweni . Njengoba kubonisiwe, siyaqonda ukuthi ukumelelwa kwalawa magugu ngabezindaba, icinema, izikhangiso kanye nezibhengezo zokukhangisa ezikhulisa imibono nemizwa engamanga, ngokusho kwabagxeki.
Amanani omphakathi wombukwane asekhona nanamuhla aphakamisa inkolelo yeqiniso lokwenziwa njengendawo yethu yemvelo. Ukujwayela kwale mithetho njengendlela yokuhlalisana. Imoto, amathuluzi, izinhlobo zohambo esiluthathayo—konke kuyimiqondo yezentengiso ephendula umbono oyiphutha wokuthi kanjani ukuphila kumele ngokusekelwe esithombeni esinikezwe abanye .
I-Psychogeography njengendlela emisha
Esinye sezihluthulelo zokunqoba ezinye zemibono ecatshangelwe wunxiwankulu baseNtshonalanga yilokho uGuy akubiza ngokuthi “indlela yokuchezuka”, indlela yokuhlela indlela ehlukile kunomphakathi esasiyijwayele. Ngakho-ke, i-psychogeography yayiyindlela yokuhlola ephumelela kakhulu eyayihloselwe ukuhlela umzila ongachaziwe ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, enganqunywa kusengaphambili isigqi somphakathi.
Kwakumayelana nokuqhubekela phambili, ukukhiqiza izimo zemvelo kanye nolwazi olungahleliwe (yingakho igama elithi Situationism). Ngokusho komunye uchwepheshe kulo mkhakha, umSpain uLuis Navarro, isimo singaba umzuzu ozenzakalelayo noma owakhiwe, kuye ngokuthi umuntu ngamunye ufuna noma udinga kanjani ukwakha iqiniso lakhe siqu . Kusukela kulo mbono, lokhu kungenye yemigqa eyinhloko yomphakathi wombukwane, ukungabaza uhlelo olwakhiwe ukuze umphakathi "usebenze futhi uthuthuke".
Isimo namuhla
Namuhla, izinhlangano eziningi zomphakathi ziyizindlalifa eziqondile zesimo sekhulu lama-20. Inkinga yezezimali emhlabeni wonke eyaqubuka eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi eyedlule iyinkinga ngqo yohlelo lwamanje lonxiwankulu (futhi luyindlalifa yekhulunyaka elidlule). Ngakho-ke, izinkundla ezifana ne-"Occupy Wall Street," iwebhusayithi eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke yama-hacker-activist "Wikileaks," noma "Anonymous," yethulwa njenge amathuluzi okulwa nesiko elimisiwe .
Ezingeni likazwelonke, eSpain, lokho okubizwa nge- "15M Movement" kubangele imibhikisho enokuthula eyaqala emadolobheni amakhulu ezwe, ifuna ukwehliswa kwamaholo, ukuhlehliswa kwamalungelo omphakathi njengezindlu nokuqashwa okuzinzile, nokunganeliseki kwezombusazwe okuzwiwa izakhamuzi ngokumelene nabaholi bazo abamele. Inkohlakalo ibe yinsika enkulu yalesi simo, esiqiniswayo njengamanje.