Abantu abaningi banesithakazelo sokwazi ukuthi yiziphi izici nezitayela zokuziphatha ezandisa ukukhanga komuntu siqu, kodwa abantu abambalwa baphinde bazame ukufunda mayelana nezici eziqeda noma yikuphi ukukhanga okungenzeka.
Yingakho kungamangazi ukuthi umphumela we-Westermarck awaziwa kangako, into engokwengqondo ecatshangelwayo lapho abantu bevame ukungazizwa benesifiso socansi ngabantu esixhumana nabo njalo ebuntwaneni, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bayizihlobo noma cha.
Kungani kungase kwenzeke lo mkhuba omangalisayo? Izincazelo eziphakanyisiwe abacwaningi abaningi abazibheka njengokuxazulula umphumela ongaziwa we-Westermarck zihlobene nomkhuba wokuhlangana kwezihlobo.
Ukulalana kwezihlobo, inkani emhlabeni wonke
Kuzo zonke imiphakathi yanamuhla kunemithetho engavunyelwe , okungukuthi, ukuziphatha nemibono engamukeleki emphakathini ngezizathu ezihlobene, okungenani ngokwengxenye, nezinkolelo zokuziphatha noma zenkolo ezihambisana naleyo siko. Ezinye zalezi mithetho ezingavunyelwe, njengokubulala okuhleliwe noma ukudla abantu, kulula ukuziphazamisa ngokombono osebenzayo ngoba, uma zisabalala, zingaphazamisa ukuhleleka komphakathi futhi zandise ubudlova, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Kodwa-ke, kukhona umthetho ojwayelekile esingawuthola cishe kuwo wonke amasiko emlandweni, kodwa owenqatshelwe wona okunzima ukuwuthethelela ngokunengqondo: ukulala nezihlobo.
Becabanga ngalokhu, abacwaningi abaningi bayazibuza ngemvelaphi yokwenqatshwa okuvamile okudala konke okuhlobene nobudlelwano bomndeni . Phakathi kwazo zonke izinkolelo-mbono, umuntu uthole amandla emashumini eminyaka amuva nje futhi usekelwe emthonjeni wengqondo obangelwa ukuhlanganiswa kofuzo kanye nokuziphatha okufundiwe. Lena yi-Westermarck effect hypothesis.
Ukukhipha okungenzeka
U-Edvard Alexander Westermarck wayengusosayensi wesintu waseFinland owazalelwa maphakathi nekhulu le-19 owaziwa ngemibono yakhe ngomshado, ukuzalana kwangaphandle, kanye nokulalana kwasesihlobo. Ngokuphathelene nalokhu kwamuva, uWestermarck waphakamisa umbono wokuthi ukuvimbela ukulalana kwasesihlobo kuwumkhiqizo wokukhetha kwemvelo . Kuye, ukugwema ukuzalana phakathi kwezihlobo kungaba yingxenye yendlela yokuguquguquka esiyithwalayo ezizakhini zethu zofuzo futhi ebingasakazeka phakathi kwabantu ngenxa yenzuzo yalokhu kuziphatha ngokwemibono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Njengoba izingane zokulalana kwezihlobo zingaba nezinkinga zempilo ezingathi sína, ukukhetha bekuyodala ezakhini zethu zofuzo indlela yokungayithandi, okungaba inzuzo yokuguquguquka.
Ngamafuphi, u-Westermarck wayekholelwa ukuthi ukukhetha kwemvelo kwakha ukuthambekela kobulili kwezinhlobo zethu zonke, kuvimbela ubudlelwano phakathi kwezihlobo eziseduze.
Ukucindezela ukukhangwa ngokocansi ukuze kugwenywe ukulalana kwezihlobo
Kodwa ukukhetha kwemvelo kungakhuthaza kanjani ukuziphatha okuvimbela ukulalana kwezihlobo? Phela asikho isici esikwazi ukubona abafowethu nodadewethu ngeso lenyama. Ngokuka-Westermarck, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwanquma ukukhiqiza izibalo ukuze kwakhiwe indlela yokungezwani phakathi kwamalungu omndeni. Njengoba abantu ababonana nsuku zonke eminyakeni yokuqala yokuphila futhi behlala endaweni efanayo banamathuba amaningi obudlelwane, umbandela osetshenziselwa ukucindezela ukukhangwa ngokobulili ubukhona noma ukuntuleka kokusondelana ngesikhathi sobuntwana.
Lokhu kuthambekela kokungakhangwa abantu esihlangana nabo ngezikhathi ezithile ezigabeni zokuqala zokuphila kwethu kungaba ngokusekelwe ku-genetics futhi kungaba yinzuzo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo; kodwa, ngenxa yalokho, ngeke sibe nesithakazelo socansi ebuhlotsheni basendulo.
I-Anti-Oedipus
Ukuze uqonde kangcono indlela okushiwo ngayo umphumela we-Westermarck, kuyasiza ukuqhathanisa le nkoleloze nemibono yokulalana kwezihlobo ehlongozwa ngu-Sigmund Freud.
UFreud wahlonza umthetho wokulala nezihlobo njengendlela yomphakathi yokucindezela isifiso socansi ngezihlobo eziseduze futhi ngaleyo ndlela enze umphakathi usebenze "okuvamile". I-Oedipus complex, ngokusho kwakhe, yindlela ingqondo engena ngayo kulesi sishayo esiqondiswe ekuthambekeleni komuntu ngokocansi , lapho kuphethwa khona ngokuthi okuwukuphela kwento ehlanganisa umkhuba wokulala nezihlobo ukuba khona komthetho kanye nezijeziso ezihambisana nawo.
Nokho, umqondo webhayoloji womphumela we-Westermarck usongela ngokuqondile lokho okuhlongozwayo ku-Oedipus complex , ngoba, ekuchazeni amaqiniso, ukungavunyelwa akuyona imbangela yokwenqatshwa ngokocansi, kodwa umphumela. Yilokhu okwenza abanye ososayensi bezengqondo abashintshashintshayo baphikisane ngokuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, hhayi isiko, okukhuluma ngemibono yethu ngokulala nezihlobo.
Ezinye izifundo ngomphumela we-Westermarck
Umphumela we-Westermarck uyisiphakamiso esidala kakhulu futhi wangcwatshwa inqwaba yokugxekwa kwezazi ze-anthropologists kanye nezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo, ezaziphikisana nendima ebalulekile yokuziphatha okufundiwe kanye nokuguquguquka kwamasiko kwezocansi. Nokho, kancane kancane yaphakamisa ikhanda kwaze kwaba yilapho sekuqoqwa ubufakazi obanele obuyivuna.
Lapho exoxa ngobufakazi obusekela umbono kaWestermarck, icala lokuqala elivame ukukhulunywa ngalo yileli likaJ. Sheper kanye nocwaningo lwakhe lwabantu abahlala e- kibbutzim (imiphakathi esekelwe emasikweni obusoshalisti) kwa-Israyeli, lapho amantombazane nabafana abaningi abazimele bekhuliswa khona ndawonye. Nakuba ukuxhumana phakathi kwalaba bantwana kuhlala njalo futhi kuqhubeka isikhathi eside baze babe badala, uSheper waphetha ngokuthi izikhathi lapho laba bantu beya ocansini nganoma yisiphi isikhathi empilweni yabo azivamile, futhi kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi bagcine beshade nabanye abantu.
Ezinye izibonelo ezithakazelisayo
Kusukela kwashicilelwa isihloko sikaSheper, kuye kwagxekwa mayelana nendlela esetshenziswayo yokulinganisa ukukhangwa ngokocansi ngaphandle kokucabangela izici zamasiko noma zezenhlalo, kanti nezinye izifundo eziningi eziqinisa umbono womphumela weWestermarck nazo ziye zanyatheliswa.
Isibonelo, uphenyo olusekelwe emibuzweni enikezwe abantu baseMoroccan lubonise ukuthi ukuba nokuxhumana okuseduze nokuqhubekayo nomuntu othile ebuntwaneni (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyisihlobo noma cha) kwenza kube nokwenzeka kakhulu ukuthi lapho sebekhulile ngeke bawuthande umqondo wokushada nalowo muntu.
Ukuntuleka kokukhanga ngisho 'emishadweni yase-Westermarck'
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimweni lapho abantu ababili abakhuliswe ndawonye ngaphandle kobudlelwano begazi obuhlangene beshada (isibonelo, ngokuphoqelela abantu abadala), bavame ukungashiyi izingane zabo, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokungakhangi . Lokhu kutholakale eTaiwan, lapho ngokwesiko kunesiko phakathi kweminye imindeni lokuvumela umakoti akhulele ekhaya lomyeni wakhe wesikhathi esizayo ( umshado kaShim-pua ).
I-taboo ixhunywe ukuqhubeka nokuphilisana
Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo sokuziphendukela kwemvelo u-Debra Lieberman naye usize ukuqinisa inkolelo-mbono ye-Westermarck ngocwaningo lapho acele khona abantu abambalwa ukuthi bagcwalise uhlu lwemibuzo. Lolu hlu lwemibuzo lwalunemibuzo emayelana nomndeni wabo futhi luphinde lwethule uchungechunge lwezenzo ezingabazekayo, ezifana nokusebenzisa izidakamizwa noma ukubulala. Amavolontiya acelwe ukuthi alinganise lezi zenzo ngendlela ezibonakala ziyiphutha ngayo, noma ukuthi zibonakala zinecala kangakanani ngokokuziphatha, ukuze zibekwe endaweni ethile.
Ekuhlaziyeni idatha etholakele, uLieberman wathola ukuthi isikhathi esichithwa nomfowabo noma udadewabo ebuntwaneni sasihlobene kahle nezinga lapho ukuqonywa kwezihlobo kwakulahlwa khona . Eqinisweni, umuntu angabikezela izinga umuntu angalahla ngalo ukuqonywa kwezihlobo ngokumane abheke izinga lokudalulwa komfowabo ebuntwaneni. Isimo sengqondo sabazali noma izinga lokuhlobana nomfowabo noma udadewabo (ukutholwa nakho kwacatshangelwa) akuzange kuthinte kakhulu ukujiya kokwenqatshwa kwalo mkhuba.
Ukungabaza okuningi ukuxazulula
Kuncane kakhulu esikwaziyo ngomphumela we-Westermarck. Okokuqala, akwaziwa ukuthi ngabe kuwukuthambekela okukhona kuyo yonke imiphakathi emhlabeni nokuthi ngabe kusekelwe ekubeni khona kwesici esithile sezakhi zofuzo. Yiqiniso, akwaziwa ukuthi izakhi zofuzo zingase zihileleke yini ku-opera noma ukuthi zizibonakalisa ngendlela ehlukile kwabesilisa nabesifazane.
Izimpendulo mayelana nokuthambekela kwengqondo kanye nendawo yonke ejwayelekile yezinhlobo zethu, njengenjwayelo, zilindelwe isikhathi eside. Amashumi eminyaka kuphela ocwaningo oluqhubekayo olungaveza lezi zimo ezingokwemvelo, ezingcwatshwe emizimbeni yethu ngaphansi kwezinkulungwane zeminyaka yokujwayela imvelo.
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