I-Criminogenesis kanye ne-criminodynamics ngamagama abalulekile emkhakheni we-criminology. Elilokuqala libhekisela ocwaningweni lomsuka kanye nezimbangela zokuziphatha kobugebengu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-criminodynamics inesibopho sokufuna izincazelo zokuziphatha okungekuhle emphakathini.
Kodwa-ke, ucwaningo lobugebengu luhlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zeziyalo kanye namathiyori. I-Criminology ngokwayo ifunda imithetho yobugebengu, izinga lobugebengu, imiphumela yabo kuzisulu nomphakathi, izindlela zokuvimbela ubugebengu, nokunye.
Ngaphambili, abantu babekholelwa ethonyeni likaNkulunkulu ekuziphatheni okuhle noDeveli ekuziphatheni okuhlanekezelwe. Izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano zazisekelwe kulezi zinkolelo. Isisekelo sasiwukuthi uNkulunkulu uqapha abahle futhi avikele abangenacala. Ubezoqinisekisa nokuthi abanecala bayajeziswa.
Kodwa-ke, intuthuko kwezesayensi kanye nokucwaninga okunamandla kwandise ukungabaza. Abantu baba nesithakazelo ngokwengeziwe ngezizathu zamaqiniso.
Ngokukhula kokucabangela kulo lonke ikhulu le-18, inkolelo ezincazelweni zezulu noma i-ethereal yancipha, futhi ubulungisa bobugebengu baqala ukusekela izisekelo zabo "eqinisweni." Kulo mongo, imiqondo ye-criminogenesis kanye ne-criminodynamics yavela.
Imibono ehlobene ne-criminogenesis kanye ne-criminodynamics
Ngokuvamile, ubugebengu yinto eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu eguqukayo kuwo wonke amasiko nangokuhamba kwesikhathi. Eminye imisebenzi isemthethweni ezweni elilodwa kodwa kwamanye ayikho emthethweni.
Izibonelo zifaka ukuphuza utshwala noma ukukhipha isisu. Ngokufanayo, njengoba amasiko eshintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuziphatha obekungasolwa ngaphambili kungase kube ubugebengu.
Ngakho-ke, ukuchaza ubugebengu—umqondo oyisisekelo ku-criminogenesis kanye ne-criminodynamics—kungaba umsebenzi onzima. Kalula nje, ubugebengu kwenzeka lapho othile ephula umthetho. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yesenzo esisobala, ukweqiwa, noma ukunganaki okungaholela esijezisweni.
Ngokufanayo, ayikho impendulo eyodwa ezimbangela zobugebengu. Ngokuvamile, uhlobo ngalunye lobugebengu lunezimbangela zalo. Ku-criminology, kubalulekile ukuqonda lezi zimbangela, njengoba zazisa ukuthi ubugebengu kufanele buphathwe futhi buvinjwe kanjani.
Eminyakeni edlule, kuye kwavela izinkolelo-mbono eziningi. Omunye ubeka ukuthi ubugebengu buwumkhiqizo wezinqumo ezinengqondo ezenziwa ngemva kokulinganisa ubungozi obungaba khona kanye nemivuzo. Omunye ubeka ukuthi indawo engokwenyama nengokwenhlalo inesibopho ngokuyinhloko sokuziphatha kobugebengu.
Ithiyori yokulebula ibeka ukuthi izici zamandla zinquma ukuthi yini ehlanganisa izenzo zobugebengu nokuthi ubani owakha isigebengu. Uma sekufakwe ilebula, futhi elahlekelwe wonke amathuba, umuntu uhileleka ekuziphatheni kobugebengu obuningi nakakhulu.
Ukwengeza, izinkampani ezimbi kanye nokuntuleka kokulawula okwanele komphakathi kwaphawulwa njengezimbangela. Uhlu luhlanganisa nokungadli kahle, ukugula ngengqondo, nokungaqini kahle kwamakhemikhali obuchopho, phakathi kokunye.
Criminogenesis: izici ezinomthelela ezimbangela zobugebengu
NgeNkathi Ephakathi, ubugebengu obenziwa kubantu, impahla, kanye nombuso babubhekwa njengobugebengu obenziwa kuNkulunkulu. Lezi zono zazijeziswa amakhosi, ayesebenza njengezinhloko zombuso kanye nezinhloko zesonto. Isijeziso sasivame ukushesha futhi sibe nesihluku, singamnaki umuntu owenze isono.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwaqala ukuhlukana kwesonto nombuso. Ngalokhu, imibono mayelana nobugebengu nesijeziso yathatha uhlobo lwezwe kanye nelobuntu. Ucwaningo lwesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu lwavula indlela yobugebengu besimanje.
Le sayensi ifuna ukuqonda izimbangela zobugebengu. Iziyalo zayo zihlanganisa i-criminogenesis kanye ne-criminodynamics. Bobabili banentshisekelo efanayo ekuqondeni izici ezinomthelela ebugebengwini.
Izici zemvelo
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, kwaqhathaniswa amanani abantu kanye nobugebengu. Kwatholakala ukuthi izigebengu, ingxenye enkulu, zinesimo esifanayo: ezingafundile, ezimpofu, nezinsizwa. Kwatholakala nokuthi ubugebengu obuningi benziwa ezindaweni ezicebe kakhulu nezichume kakhudlwana. Kodwa-ke, amanani aphezulu kakhulu obugebengu enzeka ezindaweni ezinezinsiza zomnotho ezinkulu ezaziseduze nezifunda ezimpofu kakhulu.
Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi ubugebengu benziwa kakhulu ngenxa yamathuba. Iphinde yabonisa ukuhlobana okuqinile phakathi kwesimo sezomnotho, ubudala, imfundo, nobugebengu.
Izici zezinto eziphilayo
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, imbangela yobugebengu yacwaningwa ngokusekelwe ezicini ezithile zebhayoloji nengqondo. Izici ezithile ezingokomzimba ezabelwana ngazo phakathi kwezigebengu zaholela enkolelweni yokuthi kwakunesici sebhayoloji nesofuzo esibe nomthelela emandleni omuntu okwenza ubugebengu.
Namuhla, le migqa emibili yokucabanga—engokwemvelo neyemvelo—ithuthukile ukuze iphelelisane. Manje sekuyaziwa ukuthi kukhona kokubili izinto zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ezinomthelela ezimbangela zobugebengu.
Namuhla, ongoti bobugebengu bafunda izici zenhlalo, ezengqondo, nezebhayoloji. Ngokusekelwe ezifundweni zabo, benza izincomo zenqubomgomo kohulumeni, izinkantolo, nezinhlaka zokugcinwa komthetho ukuze zisize ekuvimbeleni ubugebengu.
I-Criminodynamics: ukuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha okungahambisani nomphakathi
Ukuthuthukiswa kokuziphatha okungahambisani nomphakathi kunentshisekelo ethile ku-criminogenesis kanye ne-criminodynamics. Lezi zichazwa njengezenzo eziphazamisayo ezibonakala ngobutha, ulaka olucashile noma olusobala, kanye nolaka lwamabomu kwabanye.
Ubunzima balokhu kuziphatha buyanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Okunye kwalokhu kuziphatha kubandakanya ukwephula izimiso zomphakathi, ukweyisa igunya, ukukhohlisa, ukweba, nokunye.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuziphatha okungahambisani nomphakathi kungabonakala ezinganeni ezineminyaka emithathu noma emine ubudala. Uma ziyekwa zingahloliwe, lezi zindlela zokuziphatha zizoqhubeka futhi ziqine, zibe ukugula okungapheli kokuziphatha.
Ngokuvamile, izenzo ezisobala zihilela izenzo ezinonya ezinganeni nakubantu abadala (ukuhlukumeza ngamazwi, ukusabisa, nokushaywa), kuyilapho izenzo zomshoshaphansi zihilela izenzo ezinonya ngokumelene nempahla, njengokweba, ukucekela phansi impahla, nokushiswa kwempahla.
Ngesikhathi sobuntwana, ukungathobeli, ukuqamba amanga, noma ukucekela phansi impahla yomunye umuntu kubhekwa njengezenzo ezicashile. Ukuziphatha okungahambisani nomphakathi kuhlanganisa nokusebenzisa kabi izidakamizwa notshwala kanye nemisebenzi eyingozi kakhulu kumenzi wobubi nabanye.
Ngakho-ke, ukuziphatha okungahambisani nomphakathi kungase kuqale. Kodwa zingase futhi zibonakale maphakathi noma sekwephuzile. Olunye ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abesifazane banamathuba amaningi okukhombisa ukuziphatha okungahambisani nomphakathi kunabantu besilisa.
Izihloko ezihlobene
Umlando wezobugebengu.
Amagatsha obugebengu.
Ukuziphatha okungahambisani nomphakathi.
I-Antisocial personality disorder.
I-psychology esemthethweni.
Izinkomba
- Hikal, W. (s/f). Izici zezenhlalo ekuziphatheni kobugebengu. Ibuyiselwe ngoJanuwari 26, 2018, kusuka ku-urbeetius.org.
- Singh, J.P.; Bjørkly, S. and Fazel, S. (2016). Imibono yamazwe ngamazwe ekuhloleni ubungozi bodlame. ENew York: I-Oxford University Press.
- Williams, K.S. (2012). Incwadi yeCriminology. I-Oxford: I-Oxford University Press.
- Inyuvesi yaseGlasgow (2016). Imibono nezimbangela zobugebengu. Ibuyiselwe ngoJanuwari 26, 2018, kusukela ku-sccjr.ac.uk.
- Montaldo, C. (2017, Disemba 14). Buyini ubugebengu? Ibuyiselwe ngoJanuwari 26, 2018, kusuka ku- thoughtco.com.
- Briggs, S. (n.d.). Imibono Ebalulekile Ku-Criminology: Kungani Abantu Benze Ubugebengu. Ibuyiselwe ngoJanuwari 27, 2018, kusuka ku-dummies.com.
- Roufa, T. (2017, Disemba 11). Umlando Wezobugebengu. Ibuyiselwe ngoJanuwari 27, 2018, kusukela ku-thebalance.com.
- I-Gale Encyclopedia of Child Health: Childhood Through Adolescence. (2006). Ukuziphatha Okungahambisani Nomphakathi. Ibuyiselwe ngoJanuwari 27, 2018, kusukela ku-encyclopedia.com.