I-Protocooperation umqondo obhekisela ekusebenzisaneni phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezihlukene noma abantu abanobudlelwane be-symbiotic—ubudlelwano lapho bobabili bazuza ngokulinganayo. Kulolu hlobo lokusebenzisana, akukho mncintiswano, kodwa kunalokho ukubambisana nokusizana ukuze kuzuzwe izinhloso ezifanayo. Ukusebenzisana kwe-protocooperation kuvamile kuma-ecosystem, lapho izinhlobo ezahlukene zisizana zithole ukudla, zizivikele, futhi zizalane. Kodwa-ke, lo mqondo ungasetshenziswa nasezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, njengamabhizinisi, ezombusazwe, kanye nomphakathi jikelele, ukukhuthaza intuthuko nokuzwana phakathi kwalabo abathintekayo.
Ukwenza isibonelo se-protocooperation: qonda ukuthi lolu hlobo lokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo lusebenza kanjani.
Kuyini i-protocooperation? I-protocooperation uhlobo lokuxhumana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo lapho zombili zizuza khona. Kulolu hlobo lobudlelwano, izinto eziphilayo ziyasebenzisana ngaphandle kokulimazana, futhi zivame ukuncika komunye nomunye ukuze ziphile.
Isibonelo sakudala se-protocooperation ubudlelwano phakathi kwamadube nezinyoni. Amadube adla utshani, kanti izinyoni zidla izinambuzane ezihlala emhlane wamadube. Izinyoni ziyazuza ngokudla lezi zinambuzane, kuyilapho amadube ezuza ngokuqeda lezi zinambuzane.
Esinye isibonelo se-protocooperation ubuhlobo phakathi kwemikhomo nezinhlanzi ezincane. Imikhomo idla izinhlanzi ezincane, ezizuza ekuvikelekeni ezilwaneni ezizingelayo ngokubhukuda eduze nemikhomo.
I-Protocooperation wuhlobo lobudlelwano be-symbiotic lapho zombili izinto eziphilayo ezihilelekile zizuza ngokuhlanganyela. Lolu hlobo lokubambisana lubalulekile ukuze kuphile izinhlobo eziningi zemvelo.
Umehluko phakathi kwe-protocooperation kanye ne-mutualism: qonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo emvelweni.
Kuyini i-protocooperation? I-protocooperation uhlobo lokuxhumana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo ezizuzisana, kodwa alubalulekile ekusindeni kwanoma yiziphi zalezo zinto ezihilelekile. Kulolu hlobo lobudlelwano, izinto eziphilayo ziyabambisana ukuze zithole izinzuzo, kodwa zingasinda ngisho noma ukubambisana kungenzeki.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-mutualism uhlobo lokuxhumana lapho zombili izinto eziphilayo zizuza futhi zithembele komunye nomunye ukuze ziphile. Kulolu hlobo lobudlelwano, ukubambisana kubalulekile ekusindeni kwezinhlobo zombili ezihilelekile.
Ngakho-ke, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-protocooperation kanye ne-mutualism usekuncikeneni ukuze uphile. Ngenkathi sisebudlelwaneni be-protocooperation, ukubambisana kunenzuzo kodwa akubalulekile, ekuhlanganyeleni, ukubambisana kuyisisekelo ekusindeni kwezinhlobo ezihilelekile.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda lo mehluko ukuze uqonde ubudlelwano obuhlukahlukene obenzeka phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo emvelweni nokuthi lokhu kusebenzelana kungaba nomthelela kanjani ebhalansini ye-ecosystem.
Umqondo we-inquilinism kanye ne-protocooperation ebudlelwaneni phakathi kwezinhlobo zemvelo ku-ecology.
I-Inquilinism kanye ne-protocooperation yizinhlobo ezimbili zokusebenzelana kwe-interspecific okwenzeka emvelweni. Nakuba i-inquilinism ibhekisela ebuhlotsheni lapho uhlobo oluthile luzuza khona ngaphandle kokulimaza olunye, i-protocooperation iwuhlobo lokusebenzelana lapho zombili lezi zinhlobo zizuza khona kodwa zingabalulekile ekusindeni kolunye.
Ngesikhathi sokuqashisa, uhlobo oluthile, olubizwa ngokuthi i-inquiline, luphila phakathi noma phakathi kolunye uhlobo olubizwa ngokuthi i-host, ngaphandle kokulubangela umonakalo omkhulu kulo. Isibonelo esivamile sokuqasha ama-epiphyte, izitshalo ezikhula kwezinye izitshalo ngaphandle kokuzincisha imisoco. Ngakho, i-inquiline iyazuza endaweni yayo ephakeme nokuchayeka ekukhanyeni, kuyilapho umsingathi akalinyazwa.
Ku-protocooperation, izinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane zisebenzisana ukuze zizuze ngokulinganayo, kodwa ngaphandle kokuncika komunye nomunye ukuze ziphile. Isibonelo sakudala se-protocooperation ubudlelwano phakathi kwamadube neziqophamithi. Nakuba amadube edla utshani, iziqophamithi zidla izinambuzane ezitholakala eboyeni bamadube, okusiza ekugcineni isikhumba sezilwane singabi namagciwane.
Ngamafuphi, i-inquilinism kanye ne-protocooperation yizinhlobo zokusebenzelana kwe-interspecific lapho izinhlobo ezihilelekile zizuza ngandlela-thile. Ngenkathi ku-inquilinism, uhlobo olulodwa kuphela oluzuzayo ngaphandle kokulimaza olunye, ngokubambisana, zombili izinhlobo zithola izinzuzo ezifanayo. Lezi zinhlobo zokusebenzisana zibalulekile ekugcineni imvelo ehlukahlukene kanye nebhalansi ye-ecosystem.
Izibonelo ezintathu ze-mutualism: qonda lobu budlelwane obuzuzisayo be-symbiotic phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane.
I-Protocooperation iwuhlobo lwe-mutualism lapho izinhlobo ezimbili zizuza komunye nomunye ngaphandle kokuncika okuqondile. Kulolu hlobo lobudlelwano be-symbiotic, izinto eziphilayo ziyasebenzisana ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuphila kahle, ngaphandle kwesidingo esiyisibopho somunye nomunye.
Isibonelo se-protocooperation ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinyoni ezidla imikhaza nezilwane ezincelisayo ezithwala lezi zinambuzane. Lezi zinyoni zidla imikhaza, zisiza ekulawuleni inani lalezi zinambuzane ezilwaneni ezincelisayo. Ngokufanayo, lezi zinyoni zithola inala yokudla okulula, okuqinisekisa ukuthi ziphila. Kulobu budlelwano, zombili izinto eziphilayo zizuza ngokulinganayo, ngaphandle kokuncika komunye nomunye ukuze ziphile.
Esinye isibonelo se-protocooperation ubuhlobo phakathi kwezinyosi nezitshalo. Izinyosi zidla umpe wezimbali futhi, njengoba zihamba phakathi kwezitshalo, ziwudlulise impova, okuvumela izitshalo ukuba zizalane. Ngokubuyisela, izitshalo zinikeza izinyosi ukudla futhi ziqinisekise ukuphila kwazo. Lobu budlelwano be-symbiotic bubalulekile ekukhiqizeni izinhlobo zezitshalo eziningana kanye nasekukhiqizeni ukudla kwabantu.
Isibonelo sesithathu se-protocooperation ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlanzi ezihlanzekile nezinhlanzi zamakhasimende. Izinhlanzi ezihlanzekile zidla izimuncagazi kanye nemfucumfucu ekhona esikhumbeni senhlanzi eyiklayenti, okukhuthaza ukuhlanzeka nempilo yesikhumba sakamuva. Ngokubuyisela, izinhlanzi ezingamaklayenti zivumela izinhlanzi ezihlanzekile ukuba zidle izimuncagazi zazo, ziqinisekise ukuphila kwazo. Kulobu budlelwano, zombili izinto eziphilayo ziyazuza, zithuthukisa impilo ehambisanayo nenhlalakahle.
Kafushane, i-protocooperation iwuhlobo lokusebenzisana lapho izinhlobo ezimbili zezilwane zizuza komunye nomunye, zithuthukisa ukuphila kahle ngaphandle kokuncika okuqondile. Lobu budlelwano be-symbiotic bubalulekile ekugcineni ibhalansi yemvelo kanye nokuphila kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni.
Iyini iProtocooperation?
Ukubambisana kwe-Protocooperative kuwubudlelwano obuhambisanayo lapho izinto eziphilayo ezimbili zihlangana khona ukuze zithole izinzuzo. Ubudlelwano be-Protocooperative bungenzeka phakathi kwabantu bezinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nemibuso.
Ebudlelwaneni be-protocooperation, abantu ngabanye abaphoqelekile ukusungula izibopho, bangaphila ngaphandle kosizo lomunye; nokho, benza kanjalo ngoba kuzuzisa kokubili.
Kuleli qophelo i-protocooperation iphikisana ne-symbiosis, ubuhlobo lapho abantu bethembele komunye nomunye, kangangokuthi ukungabi khona komunye kusho ukufa komunye.
Emvelweni, sizungezwe izibonelo ze-protocooperation. Esinye sezibonelo ezimele kakhulu zalolu hlobo lobudlelwano yilokho okwenzeka phakathi kwamagciwane omhlaba kanye nezimila ezimila kuwo.
Amagciwane awadingi izitshalo noma izitshalo azidingi amagciwane; Nokho, lobu budlelwano buzuzisa kokubili: izitshalo zithola imisoco ekhiqizwa amagciwane futhi amagciwane athola izinto zokubola.
Isibonelo esichazwe ngenhla senzeka kuyo yonke inhlabathi evundile, okukhombisa ukuthi i-protocooperation ikhona cishe yonke indawo.
Protocooperation kanye mutualism
I-Mutualism ubuhlobo obukhona phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili. Lobu budlelwano bungaba yizinhlobo ezimbili: i-symbiotic (lapho ubudlelwano obumisiwe buqinisekisa ukusinda okungenani komuntu oyedwa kulaba ababili) futhi obungezona i-symbiotic (lapho ubudlelwano bungaphoqelekile, kodwa ngokuzithandela).
Kuleli qembu lokugcina, i-protocooperation ingeyakho, njengoba laba bantu ababili bengancikile komunye nomunye ukuze baphile, kodwa basungula ubuhlobo ngoba benza izinzuzo zabo bobabili.
Emfanekisweni odlule, kunamaqembu amabili ezihlahla ahlanganiswe ngokuxhunyelelwa kwezimpande.
Lapho izinto eziphilayo ezimbili ezihilelekile zicishe zilingane ngobukhulu, zingashintshanisa ama-hormone, ukudla, nezinye izakhamzimba, okuyinzuzo kukho kokubili.
Izibonelo ze-protocooperation
1- Izinambuzane nezimbali
Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane, njengezinyosi, izinyosi nezimvemvane, ezidla umpe wezimbali.
Lapho isondela kulezi zimbali ukuze ikhiphe umpe, imizimba yalezi zinambuzane ifakwa impova, bese iyiyisa kwezinye izimbali, okuvuna impova ehlukahlukene.
Ayikho into ephilayo encike kulobu buhlobo ukuze iqhubeke iphila, njengoba lesi sitshalo singazala ngenxa yesenzo somoya obuye uthwale impova yawo futhi isinambuzane sikwazi ukudla ezinye izinto.
2- Izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo
Ezinye izinyoni, njengeziqophamithi, zihlala phezu kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu (inyathi, inhlwathi, izindlulamithi nobhejane) futhi zidla izilokazane ezingafuneki ezivela kulezi zilwane (ezifana nemikhaza, amazeze, phakathi kwezinye).
Kulobu budlelwano be-protocooperation, izinyoni ziyathuthwa kuyilapho isilwane esincelisayo sihlala sinempilo ngenxa yokuqedwa kwama-parasite.
Kuyaziwa nokuthi ezinye iziqophamithi zicula i-alamu lapho izilwane ezincelisayo zisengozini, zivumela ezinye izilwane ukuba zizisize.
3- Izinyoni nezimbali
Njengezinambuzane, izinyoni ezithile, njengama-hummingbird, zidla umpe lwezimbali, olufakwe impova, bese ziluthuthela kwezinye izitshalo.
4 – Ubudlelwano be-protocooperation phakathi kwezinhlanzi
Kuneqembu lezinhlanzi ezibizwa ngokuthi “izinhlanzi zokuhlanza” ngoba zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokuhlanza ezinye izinhlanzi, ezibizwa ngokuthi amaklayenti.
Izinhlanzi ezihlanzekile ngokuvamile ziyizilwane ezincane, ngakho-ke zingangena ezindaweni ezincane (njengemilomo yezinye izinhlanzi).
Ukwengeza, abahlanzi bavamise ukugxila emizileni lapho amakhasimende eza khona ezofuna izinkonzo zokuhlanza.
Isibonelo salokhu yi-pilot fish ( i-Naucrates ductor ). Lezi zinhlanzi zivame ukuhamba noshaka, zidla izimuncagazi kanye nokudla okusele okushiyayo kushaka. Abanye oshaka baze bavumele i-pilot fish emlonyeni wabo ukuze bayihlanze.
Oshaka abavamile ukudla izinhlanzi zomshayeli, ngakho baphephile kushaka.
5- Izintuthwane nezintwala
Ama-aphid adla ama-sage, izimbobo eziyisicefe emaqabunga. Izintuthwane, esikhundleni sokudla ama-aphid, ziyazishukumisa ngezimpondo zazo ukuba zikhiphe into ebizwa ngokuthi “uju,” okunomsoco ezintuthwaneni.
Ukuze ithole ukudla, intuthwane ivikela i-aphid ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, iyiyise emaqabunga amasha lapho amaqabunga ebidla kuwo omile, futhi iyivikela emvuleni.
Ezinye izazi zezinto eziphilayo zize zithi izintuthwane zigcina “umhlambi” wezintwala ezizisengayo lapho zidinga ukudla.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kwentuthwane ne-aphid bunenzuzo kukho kokubili, kodwa bungabangela ukufa kwesitshalo.
6- I-anemone yolwandle kanye nenkalankala ye-hermit
I-anemone yolwandle ( i-Adamsia ) izinamathisela egobolondweni lenkalankala ( i-Eupagurus ) bese ithutha i-anemone iye ezindaweni lapho ingadla khona, bese i-anemone ivikela futhi yondle inkalankala.
7- I-Mycorrhizae nezitshalo
I-Mycorrhizae, inhlanganisela yesikhunta nezimpande zezitshalo ezinemithambo. I-Mycorrhizae yandisa ububanzi bokumuncwa kwezimpande futhi yandise inani lezakhamzimba ezimuncwa isitshalo, njenge-zinc, ithusi, ne-phosphorus. Ngokulandelayo, lesi sitshalo sinikeza i-carbon ku-fungus.
Izinkomba
- I-Protocooperation Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 7, 2017, kusuka ku-oxfordreference.com.
- Isifundo 10: Ukusebenzisana Kwezilwane. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 7, 2017, kusukela ku-geobotany.uaf.edu.
- I-Protocooperation Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 7, 2017, kusukela ku-en.wikipedia.org.
- I-Protocooperation Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 7, 2017, kusukela ku-merriam-webster.com.
- Iyini i-protocooperation? Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 7, 2017, kusuka ku-coolinterview.com.
- I-Mutualism Ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-7 Juni 2017, kusukela ku-mcdaniel.edu.
- Isikhunta Sibuyiswe ngoJuni 7, 2017, kusuka ku-mhhe.com.