Amaphutha ohlelo yizimo lapho kwenzeka iphutha endleleni amagama asetshenziswa ngayo olimini lwesiPutukezi. Lawa maphutha angaba yizinhlobo ezahlukene, njengamaphutha esivumelwano, amaphutha ohlelo, amaphutha ezimpawu zokubhala, nokunye.
Isibonelo, iphutha lekhonkodensi lingenzeka uma isenzo singavumelani nesihloko somusho, njengokuthi "os meninos cantarão" (abafana bazocula) esikhundleni sokuthi "os meninos cantar." Iphutha likahulumeni lenzeka lapho isenzo noma ibizo lingahambisani nesiqalo esilungile, njengokuthi "ele assistiu a filme" (wabuka ifilimu) esikhundleni sokuthi "ele assistiu ao filme."
Ngamafuphi, amaphutha ohlelo angamaphutha angaphazamisa ukucaca nokunemba kombhalo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuqaphela lapho ubhala noma ukhuluma ngesiPutukezi.
Isibonelo sohlelo lolimi: qonda ukuthi lusebenza kanjani kanye nokubaluleka kwalo ngolimi lwesiPutukezi.
Izingozi zohlelo ziwukuhlukahluka okudlulayo amagama ngokwemisebenzi yawo emshweni. Zenzeka ukuze zibonise ubulili, inombolo, izinga, umuntu, isikhathi, isimo, izwi, nezinye izici. Ukuqonda lokhu kuhlukahluka kubalulekile ekwakhiweni okulungile nokuqonda imisho ngesiPutukezi.
Elinye lamaphutha ohlelo lolimi ukwehluka kobulili kanye nenani lamabizo. Isibonelo, igama elithi "indlu" lingaba ubunye (casa) noma ubuningi (casas), abesifazane (caso) noma owesilisa (caso). Esinye isibonelo ukuhluka komuntu kanye nenani lezenzo, njengokuthi "eu" am” (umuntu wokuqala ebunyeni) kanye “thina” siyathanda” (umuntu wokuqala ubuningi).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwehluka kwenkathi yesenzo nakho kuyisici esibalulekile sohlelo. Isibonelo, isenzo esithi "ukudla" singaba esikhathini samanje (ngiyadla), esidlule (ngadla), noma esizayo (ngizodla). Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zibalulekile ukuze uveze isenzo somlomo ngendlela efanele enkathini oyifunayo.
Ngakho-ke, izingozi zohlelo lolimi ziyizici ezibalulekile ekwakhiweni kolimi lwesiPutukezi. Ngokuqonda nokusebenzisa ngendlela efanele lezi zinhlobonhlobo, kungenzeka ukuxhumana ngokucacile nangokunembile, ukugwema ukungezwani namaphutha ekukhulumeni ngokubhaliwe nangomlomo.
Zitholele amagama ayi-10 ajwayeleke kakhulu kusilulumagama sethu sansuku zonke.
Amaphutha egrama amaphutha avela ekwakhiweni kwemisho, ngokuvamile ahlobene nesenzo-isivumelwano sebizo, uhulumeni, ukubekwa kwesabizwana, phakathi kokunye. Lawa maphutha angaphazamisa ukucaca nokunemba kombhalo, enze ukuxhumana kungabi nampumelelo.
Isibonelo sephutha elivamile lohlelo isivumelwano sesenzo, njengokuthi "benza* umsebenzi wabo wesikole nsuku zonke." Isenzo esithi "wenza" kufanele sivumelane nesihloko esithi "bona," sibe ubuningi: "benza * umsebenzi wabo wesikole nsuku zonke."
Esinye isibonelo ukuguqulwa kwamazwi, njengokuthi "ubuke imuvi izolo." Isenzo esithi "assistir" sidinga isandiso esithi "a," ngakho ifomu elilungile lizoba "ubuke* imuvi izolo."
Ukugwema lawa maphutha ohlelo lolimi kubalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ukubhala kwakho nokuxhumana. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukunaka uhlelo lolimi futhi uhlale ulwela ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwakho lolimi.
Incazelo kanye nencazelo yesigaba sohlelo lwamagama ngolimi lwesiPutukezi.
Amagama ngolimi lwesiPutukezi ahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezahlukene, ezaziwa ngokuthi amakilasi ohlelo lolimi. Ikilasi ngalinye linezici zalo kanye nemisebenzi ekwakhiweni kwemisho. Kunezigaba eziyishumi eziyinhloko zohlelo: ibizo, isiphawulo, isihloko, isabizwana, isenzo, isandiso, isandulela, isihlanganiso, isinqamuleli, nenombolo.
Izingozi zohlelo zisho ukuguquguquka kwamagama amagama angadlula kuzo kuye ngezimo ezahlukene asetshenziswa kuzo. Lawa ma-inflection ahlukaniswa ngokobulili, inombolo, izinga, umuntu, isimo sengqondo, isikhathi, kanye nezwi. Izingozi zegrama zibalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuvumelana kanye nokwakheka kwemisho okulungile ngesiPutukezi.
Isibonelo, ngokobulili, sinamagama angaba ngowesilisa noma abesimame, njengokuthi "cachorro" (owesilisa) kanye "gata" (owesifazane). Ngokwenombolo, amagama angaba ubunye noma ubuningi, njengokuthi "casa" (ubunye) kanye "casas" (ubuningi). Ngokwezinga, amagama angakhuphula, anciphe, noma abe phezulu, njengokuthi "grande" (augmentative), "pequenino" (enciphayo), kanye nokuthi "maior" (i-superlative).
Ngakho-ke, izigaba zohlelo lolimi kanye nezingozi zohlelo lolimi zibalulekile ekuqondeni nasekusetshenzisweni ngendlela efanele kolimi lwesiPutukezi, okunezela ekucaceni nasekunembeni ekukhulumeni okubhaliwe nokukhulunywayo.
Imiqondo eyisisekelo yohlelo lolimi: lokho abayikho kanye nendlela yokuyisebenzisa ngendlela efanele ekubhaleni.
Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngezingozi zohlelo lolimi, kubalulekile ukuqonda imiqondo ethile eyisisekelo yohlelo nokuthi ungayisebenzisa kanjani ngendlela efanele ekubhaleni. Uhlelo lolimi luwuhlelo lwemithetho elawula ulimi olubhaliwe nolukhulunywayo, olusiza ukuhlela amagama nemisho ngokucacile nangokuhambisana.
Omunye wemiqondo eyisisekelo yohlelo lolimi ngu i-syntax, okubhekisela ekuhlelekeni kwamagama emshweni nendlela ahlobana ngayo. Kubalulekile ukulandela imithetho ye-syntax ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi umlayezo uqondwa kahle.
Omunye umqondo obalulekile yi- isivumelwano, ephathelene nokuvumelana phakathi kwezakhi zomusho, njengenhloko nesenzo. Isibonelo, akulungile ukuthi “bona Foi ebhayisikobho” esikhundleni sokuthi “bona iforamu ebhayisikobho”.
A izimpawu zokuloba futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekubhaleni okunembayo, esiza ekwehlukaniseni imibono kanye nokwenza umbhalo uhambisane nesigqi. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izimpawu zokubhala ngendlela efanele, njengokhefana, ongqi, namasemikholoni.
Manje, ake sikhulume ngamaphutha egrama. Amaphutha egrama ukuchezuka emithethweni yolimi okungenzeka ngenxa yokunganaki, ukuntula ulwazi, noma ithonya lezinye izilimi. Ezinye izibonelo ezijwayelekile zamaphutha ohlelo zifaka amaphutha esivumelwano, ukusetshenziswa kwesabizwana esingalungile, nezindaba zokuphatha izenzo.
Ukuze ugweme amaphutha ohlelo, kubalulekile ukuthi ubuyekeze ngokucophelela umbhalo wakho futhi, uma kungenzeka, ufune umbono womunye umuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukufunda imithetho yohlelo nokuzijwayeza ukubhala njalo ukuze uthuthukise amakhono akho olimi.
Kafushane, imiqondo yohlelo lolimi ebalulekile ibalulekile ekubhaleni okucacile nokuhambisanayo. Ngokuqonda nokusebenzisa le mibono ngendlela efanele, ungagwema amaphutha ohlelo futhi uxhumane ngempumelelo ngolimi olubhaliwe.
Ziyini izingozi zohlelo? (nezibonelo)
Os izingozi zohlelo lolimi yizinguquko ezingaba khona egameni uma izinhlayiya zengezwa ku-lexeme noma ama-inflection ofana nawo, okungukuthi, impande yawo.
Wonke amayunithi esichazamazwi akhiwe ngezinto ezimbili eziyisisekelo: isichazamazwi kanye nemofimu. Owokuqala yisisekelo segama kanye nengxenye edlulisa incazelo.
Eyesibili iyizinhlayiya ezihlanganisiwe ezinganikeza ulwazi mayelana nobulili, inombolo, isikhathi, isimo sengqondo, isici, nomuntu. Yile ngxenye yesibili (imofimu) edala izingozi zohlelo.
Indlela elula yokuqonda lo mqondo ukucabanga ngemindeni yamagama, isibonelo:
Casa
- I-Lexeme: Cas-
- I-Morpheme: -a
- Amagama asuselwe: Izindlu, indlu, indlu, indlu, indlu, phakathi kokunye.
Amagama angaba nezingozi zohlelo lolimi ngesi-Spanish yilawa:
- Amabizo, aguqulwa ngobulili, inombolo, inciphisa kanye nesandiso.
- Iziphawulo, eziguqulwa ngobulili nenombolo.
- Izenzo, eziguqulwa ngomuntu, isimo, isimo kanye nenkathi.
Izingozi zohlelo emabizweni
Amabizo amagama asetshenziswa ukubiza abantu, izinto, nezinto. Isibonelo: indlu, intaba, uMaria, incwadi, isitshalo seqanda.
Amabizo ahlushwa izinhlobo ezine zezingozi zohlelo: ubulili nenombolo, nezinciphiso kanye nezandiso.
Ngokuqondene nobulili, iSpanishi samukela ama-inflection amathathu: owesilisa, owesifazane, kanye neuter (ezimweni ezimbalwa kakhulu). Ngokuqondene nenombolo, kukhona futhi ama-inflection amabili: ubuningi kanye nobunye.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinciphiso zisetshenziselwa ukukhombisa ukuthi into incane, kanti izangezo zikhomba ukuthi into inkulu. Womabili ama-inflection angasetshenziselwa ukuveza injabulo noma ukunengeka.
Izibonelo zezingozi zohlelo: ubulili nenombolo
Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, amamofimu akhiqiza izingozi zohlelo azovezwa ngokugqamile.
CAS a (ibizo lesifazane ebunyeni).
Carr o (ibizo lowesilisa ebunyeni).
CAS as (ubuningi bebizo lesifazane).
Carr os (ubuningi bebizo wesilisa).
Udokotela (ibizo elilodwa lowesilisa)
Udokotela a (ibizo lesifazane ebunyeni).
Doctor é (isilisa/ibizo lobuningi).
Udokotela njengoba (ubuningi bebizo lesifazane).
Isazi sezengqondo ou (ibizo elilodwa le-neuter).
Isazi sezengqondo os (plural neuter ibizo).
Izibonelo zezingozi zohlelo lolimi: ezinciphayo nezikhulisayo
Libr ito (incwadi encane).
bob ito (yize ibizo lingacasula, lingaba isidlaliso sothando uma kusetshenziswa isinciphiso)
UCito inhlanzi (incwadi encane)
Udokotela , ngiyacaphuna (ngokwezwi nezwi, udokotela omncane, kodwa kungaba igama elihlambalazayo).
I-Cucarach Ota (iphela elikhulu, lingathathwa njengelidelelayo).
CAS Ota (indlu enkulu).
Izingozi zohlelo lwezichasiso
Iziphawulo ngamagama asetshenziswa ukuchaza amabizo. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zezichasiso: iziqu nezinqumo. Izinqumo zona zihlukaniswa zibe ezibonisayo, eziphetheyo, zezinombolo, ezingapheli, nezihlobene.
Kuzo zonke lezi zichasiso, lezo ezifanelekayo nezibonisayo kuphela ezibhekana nezingozi zohlelo lolimi.
Izingozi zohlelo lolimi ezihlaselwe yizichasiso ziwubulili nenombolo. Ukwengeza, ezinye izichasiso zeSpanishi zibhekana nezingozi zohlelo lolimi ngendlela yazo yokuqhathanisa nephezulu.
Izibonelo zezingozi zohlelo: ubulili nenombolo
Bom ou (isichasiso esifanelekayo, ubunye besilisa).
Bom ukuze (isichasiso esifanelekayo, ubunye besifazane).
Kuthengiwe os (iziqu zesiphawulo, ubuningi besilisa).
Bom ace (isichasiso esifanelekayo, ubuningi besifazane).
Uhlakaniphile e (isibaluli esifanelekayo, i-neuter singular).
Uhlakaniphile é (isichasiso esifanelekayo, ubuningi obuphakathi nendawo).
I-Fatal (isichasiso esifanelekayo, i-neuter singular).
Ukubulala é (isichasiso esifanelekayo, ubuningi obuphakathi nendawo).
Izibonelo zezingozi zohlelo lolimi: ukuqhathanisa neziqalo
Izingozi zohlelo ezenzweni
Izenzo zingamagama aveza izenzo futhi ahlukaniswe abe izinhlobo ezimbili: insiza (njengokuthi ser, ukuba nokuba nayo) kanye neyinhloko (njenge-correr, fazer, ter, brincar, phakathi kwezinye).
Emaqenjini amathathu amayunithi e-lexical abhekana nezingozi zohlelo lolimi, isenzo singesinye seziguqulelwe kakhulu esimweni saso, njengoba sethula ukuguquguquka komuntu, inkathi, isimo kanye nesimo.
Ingozi yegrama yomuntu
Kunabantu abayisithupha: abangashadile abathathu (mina, wena, yena) kanye nobuningi abathathu (thina, wena, bona). Isenzo sesenzo siyashintsha kumuntu ngamunye, senze amaphutha ohlelo.
Ingozi yohlelo lolimi
Inkathi ibonisa isikhathi lapho isenzo senzeka ngaso. NgeSpanishi, kunezinkathi ezintathu zesenzo: esidlule, samanje, nesakusasa.
Izibonelo:
Ingozi yolimi kanje
Isimo siyingozi yegrama eveza imicabango yesikhulumi kulabo abashoyo.
Uma okushiwo kuyiqiniso noma kuthathwa njengeqiniso, kuzosetshenziswa isimo senkomba.
Uma lokho okushiwo kuwumbono, isifiso noma into engenzeka, ukuzithoba kuzosetshenziswa.
Okokugcina, uma lokho okushiwo kuwumyalelo noma umyalo, okubalulekile kuzosetshenziswa.
Isici sihlobene nesikhathi futhi sibhekisela kwikhwalithi yesenzo esiqediwe noma esingaqediwe. Isibonelo, uma uthi "Ngidlile," kusho ukuthi isenzo siphelile, futhi uma uthi "njengoba," isenzo siyaqhubeka. Ingozi yohlelo lokubukeka
NgeSpanishi, izici ezimbili zihlukaniswa: okuphelele (kwezenzo eziqediwe) kanye nokungapheleli (izenzo ezingaqediwe).
Izikhathi eziphelele zonke ziyinhlanganisela (h e com uhambile , h kuvulwe Umshwalense Wokuhamba delongas , h umhlengikazi Okuyinhloko ado ) kanye nokwedlule okulula (nge emsebenzini , ukuhamba okuphephile aste , Inithi IASTE ). Zonke ezinye aziphelele (nge ed , Umshwalense Wokuhamba ukuze , Uhambo Luphephile hamba nge-ARA ).
Izinkomba
- Ingozi Itholwe ngomhlaka-16 Julayi 2017, kusuka ku-dictionary.com
- Ingozi ibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Julayi 16, 2017, kusuka ku-merriam-webster.com
- Ingozi Itholwe ngoJulayi 16, 2017, evela ku-en.oxforddictionaries.com
- Ingozi Itholwe ngomhlaka-16 Julayi 2017, kusukela ku-freedictionary.com
- Ingozi Itholwe ngomhlaka-16 Julayi 2017, ivela ku-en.wiktionary.org
- Izikhathi zesenzo Zibuyiselwe mhla ziyi-16 kuJulayi, 2017, zivela ku-en.wikipedia.org
- Iziphawulo Zibuyiselwe ngomhla ka-Julayi 16, 2017, zivela ku-en.wikipedia.org.